Metropolis, N. et al., (eds.),A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (Proceedings of the International Conference on the History of Computing, June 10 15, 1976) Academic Press, New York, 1980

• Backus, John (1976) Backus, John "Programming in America in the nineteen fifties - some personal impressions" pp125-135
• Ershov and Shura-Bura (1985) Ershov and Shura-Bura "The Early Development of Programming in the USSR"