| INFRAL | ⊕ 1960 | ↓ ↑ ⊕ Business Data Processing | ⊕ Ad hoc query languages | ⊕ United States | Information retrieval language |
| Protosynthex | ⊕ 1960 | ↓ ↑ ⊕ Business Data Processing | ⊕ Ad hoc query languages | ⊕ United States | Querying system for English test |
| The Oracle | ⊕ 1960 | ↓ ↑ ⊕ On-Line | ⊕ Ad hoc query languages | ⊕ United States | Early QA system |