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Language peer sets for APL:
United States↑
United States/1960↑
Designed 1960 ↑
1960s languages ↑
Second generation↑
Early Cold War↑
Genus Array ↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Array↑
Rank 1 unlabelled↑
Rank 1 ↑
Array/1960↑
Rank 1 unlabelled/1960↑
Rank 1/1960↑
Array/United States↑
Rank 1 unlabelled/United States↑
Rank 1/United States↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Numerical Scientific/1960↑
Numerical Scientific/us ↑

APL (18/apl001)

 keyboard

Array-centered programing language 

alternate simple view
Country: United States
Designed 1960
Published: 1960
Genus: Array
Sammet category: Numerical Scientific

A Programming Language. Ken Iverson Harvard U 1957-1960. Harvard & IBM 1960-1966.


Probably the most beautiful computer language to date (the only possible rival is LYaPAS, which was heavily influenced by APL).

Designed originally as a notation for the concise expression of mathematical algorithms. Went unnamed and unimplemented for many years, save as "Iverson's Language".

Finally a subset APL\360 was implemented in 1964. APL is an interactive array-oriented language with many innovative features, written using a non- standard character set. It is dynamically typed with dynamic scope. All operations are either dyadic infix or monadic prefix, and all expressions are evaluated from right to left. The only control structure is branch. APL introduced several functional forms but is not purely functional.


Written in FORTRAN IV, and made use of most of FIV's maths library written by Hirondo Kuki


Places
People:
Structures:
Related languages
FORTRAN II → APL   Written using
Iverson's Language → APL   Evolution of
APL → A+   Dialect of
APL → AAIMS   Built on
APL → ADA   Influence
APL → AIDA   Augmentation of
APL → ALICE   Extension of
APL → AML   Influence
APL → AML/X   Positive Strong Influence
APL → APEX   Extension of
APL → APL\360   Implementation
APL → APL2   Evolution of
APL → APLBAGS   Extension of
APL → APLBOL   Subset
APL → APLG   Extension of
APL → APLGOL   Extension of
APL → APLOMB   Augmentation of
APL → APLSF   Extension of
APL → APPLE   Implementation
APL → AQL   Extension of
APL → associons   Influence
APL → D4   Extension of
APL → DELISA   Strong Incorporated some features of
APL → DPL   Incorporated some features of
APL → FAC   Augmentation of
APL → Fornax   Extension of
APL → Glee   Extension of
APL → GPL   Dialect of
APL → IDAMS   Written using
APL → IVSYS   Implementation
APL → J   Evolution of
APL → K   Evolution of
APL → LOTIS   Incorporated some features of
APL → LPG   Influence
APL → LRLTRAN   Influence
APL → LYaPAS   Positive strong Influence
APL → MFL   Based on
APL → microAPL   Implementation
APL → More array theory   Incorporated some features of
APL → MUMBLE   Based on
APL → OSU APL   Evolution of
APL → PAT   Implementation
APL → Poplar   Derivation of
APL → PPL   Extension of
APL → PREDULA   Influence
APL → S   Influence
APL → SAPL   Augmentation of
APL → SAX APL   Extension of
APL → Scratchpad   Incorporated some features of
APL → SDL   Influence
APL → Squigol   Influence
APL → STSC APL   Implementation
APL → TESI   Extension of
APL → Vector PASCAL   Influence
APL → VSAPL   Implementation
APL → Wyoming structured APL   Augmentation of
References:
  • Iverson, K. E. (1962) Iverson, K. E. "A programming language" pp345-351
          in [AFIPS JCC 21] Proceedings of the 1962 Spring Join (1962) [AFIPS JCC 21] Proceedings of the 1962 Spring Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco, Ca. SJCC 1962
  • Iverson, K.E. (1962) Iverson, K.E. "A common language for hardware, software and communications"
          in [AFIPS JCC 22] (1962) [AFIPS JCC 22] Proceedings of the 1962 Fall Joint Computer Conference FJCC 1962
  • Iverson, Kenneth E. (1962) Iverson, Kenneth E. "A Programming Language", Wiley, 1962.
          in [AFIPS JCC 22] (1962) [AFIPS JCC 22] Proceedings of the 1962 Fall Joint Computer Conference FJCC 1962
  • Landin (1964) Landin, Peter review of Iverson 1962 AFIPS (APL) Abstract
          in (1964) ACM Computing Reviews 5(04) July-August 1964
  • Rose, A. (1966) Rose, A. J., The Use of APL for Describing Programs at Many Levels of Detail, IBM Corp., RC 1700, T. J. Watson Research Center, York town Heights, N.Y. (Oct., 1966).
          in (1964) ACM Computing Reviews 5(04) July-August 1964
  • Newell, Alan, Jay Earley and Fred Haney (1967) Newell, Alan, Jay Earley and Fred Haney "*l manual" Carnegie Institute of Technology June 26, 1967 Extract: Conversational languages
          in (1964) ACM Computing Reviews 5(04) July-August 1964
  • Sammet, Jean E., (1967) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1967"
          in (1967) Computers & Automation 16(6) June 1967
  • Iverson, K.E. (1969) Iverson, K.E. "The use of APL in statistics" pp285-294
          in R.C. Milton and J A. Nelder (Eds.) (1969) R.C. Milton and J A. Nelder (Eds.) "Statistical Computation" Academic, New York, 1969
  • Reinfelds, J. (1970) Reinfelds, J. "AMTRAN: An Interactive Computing System", pp537- 542 Extract: COMPARISON WITH OTHER HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
          in [AFIPS] (1970) [AFIPS] Proceedings of the 1970 Fall Joint Computer Conference FJCC 37
  • Stock (1971) Stock, Karl F. "A listing of some programming languages and their users" in RZ-Informationen. Graz: Rechenzentrum Graz 1971 16 Abstract
          in [AFIPS] (1970) [AFIPS] Proceedings of the 1970 Fall Joint Computer Conference FJCC 37
  • Rosen, S. (1972) Rosen, S. "Programming Systems and Languages 1965-1975" Abstract DOI
          in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] CACM 15(07) (July 1972)
  • Sammet (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1972" 18
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Elson, M. (1973) Elson, M. Concept of programming languages, Science Research Associates, Palo Alto, Calif., 1973
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Falkoff, AD and Iverson, KE (1973) Falkoff, AD and Iverson, KE "The Design of APL" IBM Journal of Research and Development 17(4) pp324 Abstract Online copy
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 44 Abstract
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Iverson, Falkoff, Abrams, Breed, Moore: (1974) Iverson, Falkoff, Abrams, Breed, Moore: "The Origins 0F APL"; 1974;
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Leavenworth and Sammet (1974) Leavenworth, Burt M.; Sammet, Jean E. "An overview of nonprocedural languages" pp1-12 Abstract
          in [VHLL 1974] (1974) Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States
  • Iverson: (1976) Iverson: "APL In Exposition"; 1976;
          in [VHLL 1974] (1974) Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States
  • Licklider, J.C.R. (1976) Licklider, J.C.R. "USER-ORIENTED INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS" Proceedings of the ACM/SIGGRAPH workshop on User-oriented design of interactive graphics systems Pittsburgh, PA 1976 pp89-96 Extract: Graphics Embedded in LISP and APL-Like Languages
          in [VHLL 1974] (1974) Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States
  • Perlis , Rugaber: (1977) Perlis , Rugaber: "The APL Idiom List"; 1977;
          in [VHLL 1974] (1974) Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States
  • Falkoff, A.D. and Iverson, K.E. (1978) Falkoff, A.D. and Iverson, K.E. "APL language summary"
          in [HOPL I] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
  • Falkoff, A.D. and Iverson, K.E. (1978) Falkoff, A.D. and Iverson, K.E. "The evolution of APL"
          in [HOPL I] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
  • Holmes, WN (1978) Holmes, WN "Is APL a programming language?" Abstract Online copy
          in (1978) The Computer Journal 21(2) May 1978
  • IBM: (1978) IBM: "APL Programming Guide: Vector Operations"; 1978;
          in (1978) The Computer Journal 21(2) May 1978
  • Sammet, Jean E (1978) Sammet, Jean E "Roster of programming languages for 1976-77" pp56-85
          in [SIGPLAN] (1978) SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978
  • (1978) Weaver, KR review of Holmes 1978 Abstract
          in (1978) ACM Computing Reviews 19(10) October 1978
  • [SigAPL] (1979) [SigAPL] "APL79 Conference Proceedings"
          in (1978) ACM Computing Reviews 19(10) October 1978
  • Berry Et Al: (1979) Berry Et Al: "APL And Insight"; 1979;
          in (1978) ACM Computing Reviews 19(10) October 1978
  • Iverson, Kenneth E. (1979) Iverson, Kenneth E. "Operators" ACM TOPLAS 1(2) October 1979, pp161-176
          in (1978) ACM Computing Reviews 19(10) October 1978
  • McDonnell, E. E. (1979) McDonnell, E. E. "The socio-technical beginnings of APL" ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 10(02) December 1979 pp13-18 Abstract Online copy Extract: Introduction Extract: Early time-sharing systems and APL Extract: The workspace concept Extract: APL's scheduler Extract: Terminal handling Extract: Conclusion
          in (1978) ACM Computing Reviews 19(10) October 1978
  • Irons, E. (1980) Irons, E. T. review of Iverson 1979 Abstract
          in (1980) ACM Computing Reviews 21(02) Feb 1980
  • Jones, W. T. and Kirk, S. A. (1980) Jones, W. T. and Kirk, S. A. "APL as a software design specification language" Extract: Introduction
          in (1980) The Computer Journal 23(3) 1980
  • Kupka, I. and Wilsing, N. (1980) Kupka, I. and Wilsing, N. "Conversational Languages" John Wiley, 1980
          in (1980) The Computer Journal 23(3) 1980
  • Allen, F. E. (1981) Allen, F. E. "The history of language processor technology in IBM" pp535-548.
          in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
  • Falkoff, Iverson: (1981) Falkoff, Iverson: "A Source Book In APL"; 1981;
          in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
  • Hollis, IBM: (1981) Hollis, IBM: "APL Programming Guide: Programming Conventions"; 1981;
          in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
  • Kay, Alan C. (1981) Kay, Alan C. "Generic programming: APL and Smalltalk"
          in [ACM SIGAPL] (1981) [ACM SIGAPL] APL Quote Quad 12(1) September 1981, Proceedings of the international conference on APL 1981, San Francisco, California, United States
  • Sammet, Jean E. (1981) Sammet, Jean E. "History of IBM's Technical Contributions to High Level Programming Languages" pp520ff
          in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
  • Allen, F. (1982) Allen, F. and Schwartz, J. review of Sammet and Lee HOPL conference end banquet excerpts Abstract
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Busman, R. (1982) Busman, R. J. review of Falkoff and Iverson 1978 Abstract
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Foster, Et Al: (1982) Foster, Et Al: "APL Quote Quad: The Early Years"; 1982;
          in SigAPL: (1982) SigAPL: "APL82 Conference Proceedings"; 1982;
  • Kerner, L.O. (1982) Kerner, L.O. review of Allen 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews September 1982 Abstract
          in SigAPL: (1982) SigAPL: "APL82 Conference Proceedings"; 1982;
  • Smillie, K W. (1982) Smillie, K W. review of Sammet 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews September 1982 Abstract
          in SigAPL: (1982) SigAPL: "APL82 Conference Proceedings"; 1982;
  • Steel, T. (1982) Steel, T. B. review of Wexelblat 1982 Abstract
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Turner: (1982) Turner: "Boolean Functions And Techniques"; 1982;
          in SigAPL: (1982) SigAPL: "APL82 Conference Proceedings"; 1982;
  • Van Deusen, M. (1982) Van Deusen, M. review of Wexelblat 1982 Abstract
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Ny/SigAPL: (1983) Ny/SigAPL: "APL As A Tool Of Thought, I - V ('83-'87)"; 1983-1987;
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • SigAPL: (1984) SigAPL: "APL84 Conference Proceedings"; 1984;
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Martin, James (1986) Martin, James "4GL Fourth-Generation Languages Volume III, 4GLs from IBM" James Martin Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1986
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • SigAPL: (1986) SigAPL: "APL86 Conference Proceedings"; 1986;
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Iverson: (1987) Iverson: "A Dictionary Of APL" ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 18(1) September 1987 pp5-40 DOI Extract: Introduction
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • SigAPL: (1989) SigAPL: "APL89 Statistics Tutorial"; 1989;
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • IBM: (1991) IBM: "IBM Sys Resrch J'rnal, Dec '91 V30/4"; 1991;
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Ny/SigAPL : (1991) Ny/SigAPL : "APL As A Tool Of Thought VII"; 1991;
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • [SigAPL] APL93 International Conference on APL (1993) [SigAPL] APL93 International Conference on APL "Taking a closer look" August 15-19, 1993 at Toronto, Ontario, Canada
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Ny/SigAPL : (1993) Ny/SigAPL : "APL As A Tool Of Thought VIII"; 1993;
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Ny/SigAPL : (1994) Ny/SigAPL : "APL As A Tool Of Thought IX"; 1994;
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Vandoni (1995) Vandoni, Carlo "Scientic Data Visualization" Cern December 1995 pdf
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Hui, Iverson: (1998) Hui, Iverson: "J Dictionary"; 1998;
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Skillicorn, David B. and Talia, Domenico (1998) Skillicorn, David B. and Talia, Domenico "Models and languages for parallel computation" pp123-169
          in [ACM] (1998) [ACM] ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 30(2) June 1998
  • (2002) APL Notes Online at Jim W's site
          in [ACM] (1998) [ACM] ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 30(2) June 1998
  • (2002) Library of Congress Subject Headings A27
          in [ACM] (1998) [ACM] ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 30(2) June 1998
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