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Language peer sets for PL/I:
United States↑
United States/1964↑
Designed 1964 ↑
1960s languages ↑
Third generation↑
Early Cold War↑
Genus IBM PL/Is ↑
Multi-purpose ↑
IBM PL/Is↑
PL/I Languages↑
Imperative ↑
IBM PL/Is/1964↑
PL/I Languages/1964↑
Imperative/1964↑
IBM PL/Is/United States↑
PL/I Languages/United States↑
Imperative/United States↑
Multi-purpose ↑
Multi-purpose/1964↑
Multi-purpose/us ↑
PL/I(ID:185/pli001)
Programming Language One
alternate simple view
Country: United States
Designed 1964
Published: 1965
Genus: IBM PL/Is
Sammet category: Multi-purpose
for Programming Language One
George Radin, 1964. Originally named NPL. An attempt to combine the best features of FORTRAN, COBOL and ALGOL 60. Result is large but elegant. One of the first languages to have a formal semantic definition, using the Vienna Definition Language.
EPL, a dialect of PL/I, was used to write almost all of the Multics OS. PL/I has no reserved words. Types are fixed, float, complex, character strings with max length, bit strings, and label variables, no user-defined types. Dynamic arrays. Summation, multi-level structures, structure assignment. Untyped pointers, side effects, aliasing. Control flow goto, do-end groups, do-to-by-while-end loops, external procedures, nested procedures and blocks. Procedures may be declared recursive, or grouped into generic families. Controlled variables. Many implementations support concurrency ('call task' and 'wait(event)' amount to fork/join) and compile-time statements. Exception handling. Blocks have localised "undo" capabilities because of the revert command
PL/I is still widely used, at IBM and elsewhere. The CFS file system used at Argonne to manage terabytes of data is written in PL/I.
Used for implementing the System/A experimental Language at Watson Labs in 1971
general-purpose, used for solving problems in a variety of fields such as commerce, science (including mathematics, physics, chemistry), engineering (civil, electrical, aeronautics), medicine, and so on. It can also be used for system programming, and the facilities are such that it is rarely, if ever, to resort to machine-language or high-level programming to solve problems. The language of MULTICS, but not (as is sometimes said) its downfall.
Structures:
Significant use:
Related languages
| COBOL |
→
|
PL/I | |
Influence |
| FORTRAN IV |
→
|
PL/I | |
Influence |
| MPPL |
→
|
PL/I | |
Renaming |
| PL/I |
→
|
Algol 68 with areas | |
Incorporated some features of |
| PL/I |
→
|
AML | |
Based on |
| PL/I |
→
|
APAREL | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
APG | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
APL-PL/I | |
Based on |
| PL/I |
→
|
Autopass | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
Basic Systems Language | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
BL/I | |
Preprocessor for |
| PL/I |
→
|
BML | |
Based on |
| PL/I |
→
|
BRUIN | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
CIMPL | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
CLASP | |
Influence |
| PL/I |
→
|
CPL | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
CPS | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
DESPL/l | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
DPL | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
EMPL | |
Based on |
| PL/I |
→
|
EPL | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
ESPL/I | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
FOL | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
GAME | |
Output language |
| PL/I |
→
|
GASP | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
GASP-PL/I | |
Built on |
| PL/I |
→
|
GPL/I | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
GPL/I | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
GPL/I | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
HEPL PL/I | |
Implementation |
| PL/I |
→
|
HPL | |
Derivation of |
| PL/I |
→
|
LINUS | |
Implementation |
| PL/I |
→
|
LPL | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
LRL PL/I | |
Implementation |
| PL/I |
→
|
LSD | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
LSP | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
MACRO | |
Based on |
| PL/I |
→
|
MPL | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
MPL/I | |
Built on |
| PL/I |
→
|
MSL | |
Written using |
| PL/I |
→
|
NAPSS | |
Release written using |
| PL/I |
→
|
NEATER | |
Optimiser |
| PL/I |
→
|
NICOL I | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
OCAL | |
Incorporated some features of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PDEL | |
Preprocessor for |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL.8 | |
Evolution of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/0 | |
Implementation |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/ACME | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/C | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/EXUS | |
Dialect of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/I Checkout Compiler | |
Augmentation of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/I mu | |
Evolution of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/I Subset G | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/I-FORMAC | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/M | |
Influence |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/MP | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/P | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/PROPHET | |
Derivation of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL/R | |
Evolution of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PL-6 | |
Influence |
| PL/I |
→
|
PLAGO | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
PLANS | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PLESS | |
Evolution of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PLIP | |
Augmentation of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PLITRAN | |
Macro language for |
| PL/I |
→
|
PLR | |
Dialect of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PLUM | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
PLUS | |
Dialect of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PLUTO | |
Dialect of |
| PL/I |
→
|
PLY | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
QL/I | |
Extension of |
| PL/I |
→
|
REPL | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
REXX | |
Influence |
| PL/I |
→
|
RUSH | |
Evolution of |
| PL/I |
→
|
SABRE PL/I | |
Implementation of |
| PL/I |
→
|
SIMPL | |
Written using |
| PL/I |
→
|
SIMPLE | |
Compiled by |
| PL/I |
→
|
SL/I | |
Implementation of |
| PL/I |
→
|
SP/k | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
SPL | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
SPLINTER | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
SQURL | |
Influence |
| PL/I |
→
|
STAPL | |
Implementation of |
| PL/I |
→
|
TPL-40 | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
VAULT | |
Written using |
| PL/I |
→
|
Vienna Definition Language | |
Spec written in |
| PL/I |
→
|
XPL | |
Subset |
| PL/I |
→
|
YES/LI | |
Extension of |
References:
Sibley, R. A. (1965) Sibley, R. A. "A new programming language: PL/1"
Abstract
in [ACM] (1965) [ACM] Proceedings of the 1965 20th National Conference 1965 , Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Duncan, F. (1966) Duncan, F. G. review of Sibley 1965
Abstract
in (1966) ACM Computing Reviews 7(04) July-August 1966
Heller, Jack and Logermann, George W. (1966) Heller, Jack and Logermann, George W. "PL/I: a programming language for humanities research" Computers and the Humanities 1(2) Nov 1966 pp19-27
Abstract
in (1966) ACM Computing Reviews 7(04) July-August 1966
Rosen, Saul (1967) Rosen, Saul "Some Recent Developments" p23
in Rosen, Saul (ed) Programming Systems & Languages. (1967) Rosen, Saul (ed) Programming Systems & Languages. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967.
Sammet, Jean E., (1967) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1967"
in (1967) Computers & Automation 16(6) June 1967
Bemer, Robert W. (1968) Bemer, Robert W. "The PL/I Family Tree"
Extract:
Introduction
Extract:
Definition and Maintenance
Extract:
Introduction
in (1968) PL/I Bulletin, Issue 6, March 1968
Feldman, Jerome and Gries, David (1968) Feldman, Jerome and Gries, David "Translator writing systems" p77-113
Abstract
Extract:
Extendible Compilers -- Basic Concepts
in [ACM] (1968) [ACM] CACM 11(02) (February 1968)
Graham, Robert M. (1969) Graham, Robert M. "Use of High Level Languages for System Programming" MIT/LCS/TM-13 1969
Extract:
Operating systems as tables
in [ACM] (1968) [ACM] CACM 11(02) (February 1968)
Lecht, Charles P. (1969) Lecht, Charles P. "The Programmer's PL/I" McGraw-Hill 1969
in [ACM] (1968) [ACM] CACM 11(02) (February 1968)
Lucas, P. and Walk, K (1969) Lucas, P. and Walk, K "On the formal description of PL/I"
in Halpern, Mark I and Shaw Christopher J (eds) (1969) Halpern, Mark I and Shaw Christopher J (eds) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (6) 1969 Pergamon Press, Oxford
Rosin (1969) Rosin R F "PL/1 Implementation survey" PL/I Bulletin 7 (in ACM SIGPLAN Notices Feb 1969)
Extract:
Introduction
in Halpern, Mark I and Shaw Christopher J (eds) (1969) Halpern, Mark I and Shaw Christopher J (eds) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (6) 1969 Pergamon Press, Oxford
[Honeywell] (1970) [Honeywell] "THE MULTICS PL/I LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION", General Electric Company, Cambridge Information Systems Laboratory, Cambridge, Mass. 02139.
pdf
in Halpern, Mark I and Shaw Christopher J (eds) (1969) Halpern, Mark I and Shaw Christopher J (eds) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (6) 1969 Pergamon Press, Oxford
Beech, D. (1970) Beech, D. "A Structural View of PL/I", pp33-64
in [ACM] (1970) [ACM] ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 2(1) January 1970
Harrison, Malcolm C (1970) Harrison, Malcolm C "Data-structures and programming" New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences 1970
in [ACM] (1970) [ACM] ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 2(1) January 1970
Martin Hopkins (1971) Martin Hopkins "Problems of PL/I for system programming"
Abstract
Abstract
in [LSI 1971] (1971) [ACM] SIGPLAN Notices 6(10) October 1971 Proceedings of the SIGPLAN symposium on Languages for system implementation 1971, Lafayette, Indiana, United States; October, 1971
Sammet, Jean E. (1971) Sammet, Jean E. "Brief survey of languages used for systems implementation"
Extract:
PL/I
in [LSI 1971] (1971) [ACM] SIGPLAN Notices 6(10) October 1971 Proceedings of the SIGPLAN symposium on Languages for system implementation 1971, Lafayette, Indiana, United States; October, 1971
Stock (1971) Stock, Karl F. "A listing of some programming languages and their users" in RZ-Informationen. Graz: Rechenzentrum Graz 1971 193
Abstract
in [LSI 1971] (1971) [ACM] SIGPLAN Notices 6(10) October 1971 Proceedings of the SIGPLAN symposium on Languages for system implementation 1971, Lafayette, Indiana, United States; October, 1971
Holt, Richard C. (1972) Holt, Richard C. "Teaching the Fatal Disease (or) Introductory Computer Programming Using PL/I" Dept. of Computer Science and Computer Systems Research Group, University of Toronto 5 November 1972
transcript at author's page
in [LSI 1971] (1971) [ACM] SIGPLAN Notices 6(10) October 1971 Proceedings of the SIGPLAN symposium on Languages for system implementation 1971, Lafayette, Indiana, United States; October, 1971
Rosen, S. (1972) Rosen, S. "Programming Systems and Languages 1965-1975"
Abstract
DOI
in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] CACM 15(07) (July 1972)
Sammet (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1972" 216
in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
Beech, David (1973) Beech, David "On the Definitional Method of Standard PL/1" 87-94
Abstract
DOI
in [POPL 1973] (1973) [ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN] Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, Boston, October 1973. Association for Computing Machinery.
Elson, M. (1973) Elson, M. Concept of programming languages, Science Research Associates, Palo Alto, Calif., 1973
in [POPL 1973] (1973) [ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN] Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, Boston, October 1973. Association for Computing Machinery.
Holt, Richard C. (1973) Holt, Richard C. "Teaching the fatal disease: (or) introductory computer programming using PL/I" pp8-23
in [SIGPLAN] (1973) ACM SIGPLAN Notices 8(5) May 1973
Sammet, Jean E. (1973) Sammet, Jean E. "Roster of Programming Languages for 1973" p147
in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 467
Abstract
in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
Leavenworth and Sammet (1974) Leavenworth, Burt M.; Sammet, Jean E. "An overview of nonprocedural languages" pp1-12
Abstract
in [VHLL 1974] (1974) Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States
Cox, Brian G (1975) Cox, Brian G "PL/I Primer forBurroughs B6700" University of Otago Computing Centre 1975
in [VHLL 1974] (1974) Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States
Wolman, Barry L. 'Reply to (1975) Wolman, Barry L. 'Reply to "Interactive PL/I"'
pp46-48
Extract:
Introduction
Extract:
Multics PL/I
Extract:
Stream Output
Extract:
ON CONDITIONS
Extract:
SUMMARY
in [VHLL 1974] (1974) Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States
Gorman, W. and M. Broussard (1976) Gorman, W. and M. Broussard "Minicomputer programming languages."
in [SIGPLAN] (1976) SIGPLAN Notices 11(04) April 1976
(1976) The Higher Order Language Working Group (HOLWG) Working Paper on 23 exisitng programming languages
in [SIGPLAN] (1976) SIGPLAN Notices 11(04) April 1976
Wichmann, B. A. (1976) Wichmann, B. A. "Ackermann's function: a study in the efficiency of calling procedures" BIT 16 (1976), pp103-110
Abstract
Extract:
Introduction
Extract:
Ackermann's function
Extract:
Acknowledgements
Extract:
Results of tests (altered to include authors where known)
Extract:
Program listing
Extract:
Properties of the algorithm
Extract:
Notes on the results and Factors influencing the execution speed
Extract:
Conclusion
in [SIGPLAN] (1976) SIGPLAN Notices 11(04) April 1976
Wortman, David B.; Khaiat, Philip J.; Laskar, Davi (1976) Wortman, David B.; Khaiat, Philip J.; Laskar, David M. "Six PL/I Compilers" pp411-422
in (1976) Software — Practice and Experience 6(03) July-September 1976
Marcotty, Michael; and Sayward, Frederick G. (1977) Marcotty, Michael; and Sayward, Frederick G. "The definition mechanism for standard PL/I" IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. SE-3, 6 (Nov. 1977), pp416-450.
in (1976) Software — Practice and Experience 6(03) July-September 1976
Tharp, A. L. (1977) Tharp, A. L. "A comparison of COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I and SPITBOL"
in (1977) Computer Languages 2(4)
Tucker, Allen B., JR. (1977) Tucker, Allen B., JR. Programming languages. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1977
in (1977) Computer Languages 2(4)
Lee, J.A.N. (1978) Lee, J.A.N. review of Marcotty and Sayward 1977
Abstract
in (1978) ACM Computing Reviews 19(05) May 1978
Radin, G. (1978) Radin, G. "The early history and characteristics of PL/I"
in [HOPL I] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
Sammet, Jean E (1978) Sammet, Jean E "Roster of programming languages for 1976-77" pp56-85
in [SIGPLAN] (1978) SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978
[Fosdick] (1979) Fosdick, Howard "High-level languages for operating systems development: a historical overview" pp31-37
in [SIGPLAN] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(07) July 1979
Damerau, F. (1980) Damerau, F. J. review of Radin 1978
Abstract
in (1980) ACM Computing Reviews 21(05) May 1980
Allen, F. E. (1981) Allen, F. E. "The history of language processor technology in IBM" pp535-548.
in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
Sammet, Jean E. (1981) Sammet, Jean E. "History of IBM's Technical Contributions to High Level Programming Languages" pp520ff
in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
Abrahams, P. (1982) Abrahams, P. W. review of Radin 1978 in ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Abstract
in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
Allen, F. (1982) Allen, F. and Schwartz, J. review of Sammet and Lee HOPL conference end banquet excerpts
Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Kerner, L.O. (1982) Kerner, L.O. review of Allen 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews September 1982
Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Smillie, K W. (1982) Smillie, K W. review of Sammet 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews September 1982
Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Steel, T. (1982) Steel, T. B. review of Wexelblat 1982
Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Van Deusen, M. (1982) Van Deusen, M. review of Wexelblat 1982
Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Vowels, R. (1997) Vowels, R. A. Introduction to PL/I, Algorithms, and Structured Programming , 3rd Ed., Sept. 1997, ISBN 0-9596384-9-0.
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Freiburghouse (1998) Freiburghouse, R. A. "The Multics PL/1 Compiler"
Abstract
Extract:
The language
Extract:
Design objectives
Extract:
SUMMARY
History of Multics PL/1
in [AFIPS] (1969) [AFIPS] Proceedings of the 1969 Fall Joint Computer Conference FJCC 35
Flass, Peter (2000) Flass, Peter "Languages Related to PL/I" in "The PL/I Language"
Online copy at Peter Flass's PL/1 site
in [AFIPS] (1969) [AFIPS] Proceedings of the 1969 Fall Joint Computer Conference FJCC 35
(2002) Library of Congress Subject Headings P25
in [AFIPS] (1969) [AFIPS] Proceedings of the 1969 Fall Joint Computer Conference FJCC 35
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