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Language peer sets for IT:
United States↑
United States/1955↑
Designed 1955 ↑
1950s languages ↑
Second generation↑
Early Cold War↑
Genus Low-level Autocoders ↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Low-level Autocoders↑
Autocoders↑
US historic algorithmic systems ↑
Low-level Autocoders/1955↑
Autocoders/1955↑
US historic algorithmic systems/1955↑
Low-level Autocoders/United States↑
Autocoders/United States↑
US historic algorithmic systems/United States↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Numerical Scientific/1955↑
Numerical Scientific/us ↑

IT(ID:21/it:001)

Internal Translator mathematical autocoder 

alternate simple view
Country: United States
Designed 1955
Published: 1956
Genus: Low-level Autocoders
Sammet category: Numerical Scientific

for Internal Translator.

Alan Perlis, Mark Koschman, Sylvia Orgel, Joseph W. Smith and Joanne Chipps, Purdue University Computing Laboratory 1955-7

initially DATATRON 205 (later a Burroughs 205), to get around the problem of alphanumeric input.

Then ported to IBM 650 at Carnegie Tech ca 1957 where it became a translator for SAP.

Knuth says "first really useful compiler"

Versions:
IT - Source code converted to PIT, thence to SPIT.  
IT-2 - produced machine language directly
IT-3 - developed at Carnegie added double-precision floating point.

Places
People:

Hardware:
Related languages
Laning and Zierler → IT   Influence
IT → Compiler II-SOAP II   Port
IT → GAT   Evolution of
IT → GIF   Translator for
IT → IT 2   Evolution of
IT → PIT   Intermediate language for
References:
  • J. Chipps, M. Koschmann, S. Orgel, A. Perlis, J. S (1956) J. Chipps, M. Koschmann, S. Orgel, A. Perlis, J. Smith "A mathematical language compiler" Extract: Introduction
          in (1956) Proceedings of the 1956 11th ACM national meeting
  • Bemer (1957) Bemer, R. W. "The Status of Automatic Programming for Scientific Problems" Abstract Extract: Summary Extract: IT, FORTRANSIT, SAP, SOAP, SOHIO
          in [Armour] (1957) "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Computer Applications Symposium" , Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 1957
  • Ray (1957) Final Report Computer Components Development Compiled and Edited by: D. C. Ray Engineering Research Institute The University Of Michigan Ann Arbor NSA Contract No. DA-49-170-sc-1791 WASHINGTON, D.C. September 1957 Extract: Appendix H Graphical Circuit Analysis Employing The IBM 650 Digital Computer
          in [Armour] (1957) "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Computer Applications Symposium" , Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 1957
  • Perlis, A. J., Smith, J. W., and van Zoeren, H. R. (1957) Perlis, A. J., Smith, J. W., and van Zoeren, H. R., "Internal Translator (IT)-A Compiler for the 650",Carnegie Institute of Technology, Computation Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1957
          in [Armour] (1957) "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Computer Applications Symposium" , Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 1957
  • Perlis, A. J., Smith, J. W., and van Zoeren, H. R. (1957) Perlis, A. J., Smith, J. W., and van Zoeren, H. R., "Internal Translator (IT)-A Compiler for the 650",Carnegie Institute of Technology, Computation Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1957
          in [Armour] (1957) "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Computer Applications Symposium" , Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 1957
  • Perlis, Alan J. and Smith, Joseph W., (1957) Perlis, Alan J. and Smith, Joseph W., "A Mathematical Language Compiler" pp87-102 Abstract
          in Automatic Coding, Monograph No. (1957) Automatic Coding, Monograph No. 3, Journal of the Franklin Institute Philadelphia, Pa., April 1957.
  • Bemer (1958) [Bemer, RW] [State of ACM automatic coding library August 1958]
          in Automatic Coding, Monograph No. (1957) Automatic Coding, Monograph No. 3, Journal of the Franklin Institute Philadelphia, Pa., April 1957.
  • Bemer, R (1958) Bemer, R "Techniques Department" - Translation to another language rather than compiling
          in [ACM] (1958) [ACM] CACM 1(07) July 1958
  • Orgel, S., (1958) Orgel, S., "Purdue Compiler: General Description", Purdue Research Foundation, W. Lafayette, Indiana, 1958
          in [ACM] (1958) [ACM] CACM 1(07) July 1958
  • Way, F. III (1958) Way, F. III "Current Developments In Computer Programming Techniques" Extract: UNISAP, IT, SML, C-10 Extract: SOAP, CASE SOAP Extract: IT, Runcible Extract: MATH-MATIC vs. RUNCIBLE Extract: FORTRANSIT, IT, RUNCIBLE
          in [Proceedings] (1958) Proceedings of the 1958 Computer Applications Symposium, Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
  • [Bemer] (1959) [Bemer, RW] [State of ACM automatic coding library May 1959] Extract: Obiter Dicta
          in [ACM] (1959) [ACM] CACM 2(05) May 1959
  • Carr (1959) Carr, John W III; "Computer Programming" volume 2, chapter 2, pp115-121
          in Crabbe et al (1957) E. M. Crabbe, S. Ramo, and D. E. Wooldridge (eds.) "Handbook of Automation, Computation, and Control," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1959.
  • Ershov, A. P. (1961) Ershov, A. P. "Avtomatizacija programmirovanija sbor-nik perevodov" [Automatic programming. A collection of translations covering FORTRAN, UNICODE, SOAP, IT and ALGOL] Moscow 1961.
          in Crabbe et al (1957) E. M. Crabbe, S. Ramo, and D. E. Wooldridge (eds.) "Handbook of Automation, Computation, and Control," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1959.
  • Huskey, H. D. (1961) Huskey, H. D. "Compiling techniques for algebraic expressions" Comput. J. 4, 1 (April 1961), 1-19
          in Crabbe et al (1957) E. M. Crabbe, S. Ramo, and D. E. Wooldridge (eds.) "Handbook of Automation, Computation, and Control," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1959.
  • Sammet, Jean E (1961) Sammet, Jean E "1960 Tower of Babel" diagram on the front of CACM January 1961 Picture: Cover of ACM Communications December 1961
          in [ACM] (1961) [ACM] CACM 4(01) (Jan 1961)
  • Weik, Martin H. (1961) Weik, Martin H. "A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems" Rpt 1115, BRL, Maryland, 1961 Online copy at Computer History Museum
          in [ACM] (1961) [ACM] CACM 4(01) (Jan 1961)
  • Hanson, J. (1962) Hanson, J. V. review of Huskey 1961 Abstract
          in (1962) ACM Computing Reviews 3(01) March-April 1962
  • Knuth. Donald (1962) Knuth. Donald "History of writing compilers" Abstract
          in (1962) Invited papers
  • Rosen, Saul (1964) Rosen, Saul "Programming Systems and Languages: a historical Survey" (reprinted in Rosen, Saul (ed) Programming Systems & Languages. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967) Extract: IT compilers
          in [AFIPS JCC 25] (1964) [AFIPS JCC 25] Proceedings of the 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference SJCC 1964
  • Sammet, Jean E. (1969) Sammet, Jean E. "Computer Languages - Principles and History" Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall 1969. pp.139-141.
          in [AFIPS JCC 25] (1964) [AFIPS JCC 25] Proceedings of the 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference SJCC 1964
  • Stock (1971) Stock, Karl F. "A listing of some programming languages and their users" in RZ-Informationen. Graz: Rechenzentrum Graz 1971 130 Abstract
          in [AFIPS JCC 25] (1964) [AFIPS JCC 25] Proceedings of the 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference SJCC 1964
  • Sammet, Jean E., (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Programming languages: history and future"
          in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] CACM 15(06) (June 1972)
  • Sammet (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1972" 136
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 305 Abstract
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Knuth, Donald Ervin, and Luis Trabb Pardo (1977) Knuth, Donald Ervin, and Luis Trabb Pardo "The early development of programming languages" pp419-96
          in Belzer, J. (1977) Belzer, J. ; A. G. Holzman, A. Kent, (eds) Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 1979
  • Ceruzzi, Paul with McDonald, Rod and Welch, Grego (1983) Ceruzzi, Paul with McDonald, Rod and Welch, Gregory "Computers: A Look at the First Generation" The Computer Museum Report, Volume 7 online at Ed Thelen's site Extract: Programming first generation machines
          in (1984) The Computer Museum Report, Volume 7, Winter/1983/84
  • Perlis, Alan J (1986) Perlis, Alan J "Two Thousand Words and Two Thousand Ideas: The 650 at Carnegie" Extract: TASS, GAT, GATE, IT, SOAP, THAT
          in [AHOC] (1986) Annals of the History of Computing, 08(1) January 1986 (IBM 650 Issue)
  • Bemer (1999) Bemer, Bob "FORTRANSIT - the 650 Processor that "made" FORTRAN" Online
          in Bemer, Bob (2000) Bemer, Bob "Computer History Vignettes" (Web published, retrieved 2000)
  • Galler (2001) Galler and Galler "A Career Interview with Bernie Galler" pp22-33 Extract: MAD
          in (2001) IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 23(1) January 2001
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