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Language peer sets for SAKO:
Poland↑
Poland/1960↑
Designed 1960 ↑
1960s languages ↑
Second generation↑
Early Cold War↑
Genus Fortran I-III Coeval ↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Fortran I-III Coeval↑
Generation of Fortran I-III↑
Fortran family ↑
Fortran I-III Coeval/1960↑
Generation of Fortran I-III/1960↑
Fortran family/1960↑
Fortran I-III Coeval/Poland↑
Generation of Fortran I-III/Poland↑
Fortran family/Poland↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Numerical Scientific/1960↑
Numerical Scientific/pl ↑

SAKO(ID:2178/sak001)

Polish Automatic Coder  

alternate simple view
Country: Poland
Designed 1960
Published: 1960
Genus: Fortran I-III Coeval
Sammet category: Numerical Scientific

for System : Automatyczniego Kodowania Operacji = "System: Automatic Coding Operation"

Leon Lukaszewicz, Instytut Maszyn Matematyczynch, 1960

Nicknamed the "Polish FORTRAN". Widespread use throughout Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union - seminal programming language for the Eastern Bloc.

Very elegant, lots of features not found elsewhere at the time, including  
- ability to return structures or multiple values
- ability to have implicit scaling in all values, and to alter that scale at any time
- SUBSTITUTE version of subroutine to function pretty much as the Strachey autogenerator

People:
Related languages
AUTOCODE → SAKO   Influence
FORTRAN → SAKO   Influence
MATH-MATIC → SAKO   Influence
SAKO → KLIPA   Mild Influence
References:
  • Ware, W. H. et al. (1960) Ware, W. H. et al. "Soviet computer technology - 1959" pp131-166
          in [ACM] (1960) [ACM] CACM 3(03) March 1960
  • Auerbach, I. L. (1961) Auerbach, I. L. "European electronic data processing-a report on the industry and the state of the art" Proc. I.R.E. 49 (Jan. 1961), 330-348
          in [ACM] (1960) [ACM] CACM 3(03) March 1960
  • Lukaszewicz (1961) Lukaszewicz, L. "SAKO-an Automatic Coding System" pp161-176
          in Goodman (ed) (1961) Goodman, Richard (ed) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (2) 1961 Pergamon Press, Oxford
  • Mazurkiewicz (1961) Mazurkiewicz, A. "Arithmetic Formulae and the Use of Subroutines in SAKO" pp177-195
          in Goodman (ed) (1961) Goodman, Richard (ed) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (2) 1961 Pergamon Press, Oxford
  • Barron (1962) Barron, D. W. review of Goodman, Richard (ed) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming", Vol. 2 Abstract Extract: SAKO
          in [Computer Bulletin] (1962) The Computer Bulletin June 1962
  • Borowiec, Jan (1962) Borowiec, Jan "Translation of arithmetic formulae in SAKO" Algorytmy 1,1 (1962), 37-58.
          in [Computer Bulletin] (1962) The Computer Bulletin June 1962
  • Gosden, John A.; Gay, Roger E.; Jones, John L.; Me (1963) Gosden, John A.; Gay, Roger E.; Jones, John L.; Merner, Jack N. Shaw, Christopher J. "Report of a visit to discuss common programming languages in Czechoslavakia and Poland, 1963" pp660-661 Abstract DOI Extract: SAKO descendants
          in [ACM] (1963) [ACM] CACM 6(11) (Nov 1963)
  • Yershov, A. P. (1963) Yershov, A. P. "A method of addressing used in SAKO-SAS translations." pp45-74 Abstract
          in (1963) Algorytmy 1, (1963)
  • Sherman, P. (1964) Sherman, P. M. review of Borowiec 62 (SAKO) Abstract
          in (1964) ACM Computing Reviews 5(01) January-February 1964
  • Stock (1971) Stock, Karl F. "A listing of some programming languages and their users" in RZ-Informationen. Graz: Rechenzentrum Graz 1971 207 Abstract
          in (1964) ACM Computing Reviews 5(01) January-February 1964
  • Sammet (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1972" 243
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 512 Abstract
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Marczynski, R. W. (1980) Marczynski, R. W. "The First Seven Years of Polish Digital Computers" pp37-48
          in (1980) Annals of the History of Computing 02(1)
  • Lukaszewicz, L. (1990) Lukaszewicz, L. "On the Beginnings of Computer Development in Poland" pp103-107
          in (1990) Annals of the History of Computing, 12(4) October 1990 IEEE
  • (2003) "Poczitki informatyki w Polsce" Gazeta IT 3(11) 4 March 2003 Online copy
          in (1990) Annals of the History of Computing, 12(4) October 1990 IEEE
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