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Language peer sets for PAL:
United States↑
United States/1968↑
Designed 1968 ↑
1960s languages ↑
Third generation↑
High Cold War↑
Genus Other lambda ↑
Other lambda↑
Lambda caculus↑
Functional ↑
Other lambda/1968↑
Lambda caculus/1968↑
Functional/1968↑
Other lambda/United States↑
Lambda caculus/United States↑
Functional/United States↑

PAL(ID:336/pal002)

Pedagogic Algorithmic Language  

alternate simple view
Country: United States
Designed 1968
Published: 1968
Genus: Other lambda

Pedagogic Algorithmic Language

Landin and Morris, MIT, after ISWIM. Originally written in LISP, later rewritten in BCPL by Richards.

Designed as a language for experimenting in programming language style, to enable students to:

"study linguistic constructs for the specification of algorithms, and students are expected to learn some of the interesting and important intellectual ideas which are relevant to programming languages. (Examples of such ideas are the application of a function to arguments, the "creation" of new variables and allocation of their storage, the updating of the value associated with a variable, etc.) PAL was designed to reveal clearly these various intellectual ideas, with a minimum of syntactic decoration and a maximum of semantic clarity. "

Multi-modal, with garbage-collection, could take various types of assignments and deifinitions, including extensibility and Lambda Calculus. Typeless, and had pointers. Was written in a Lambda-Delta Calculus, which was a refinement of the Lambda calculus

"The PAL language is a direct descendent of Peter Landin's ISWlM, although there are important differences, particularly in the imperatives. The first implementation of PAL was by Landin and James H. Morris, Jr., in LISP. The language they implemented was much closer to ISWIM than to PAL as it now exists. The present version of PAL was designed by Martin Richards along with Thomas J. Barkalow, Evans, Robert M. Graham, Morris and John M. Wozencraft. The implementation is the work of Richards and Barkalow. The intellectual effort of which PAL is one outgrowth owes much to Christopher Strachey."

People:
Related languages
ISWIM → PAL   by original creator Evolution of
PAL → CONNIVER   Incorporated some features of
PAL → Gedanken   Influence
PAL → GTL   Evolution of
PAL → McG   Influence
PAL → SASL   Partial subset of
References:
  • Evans, Arthur Jr (1968) Evans, Arthur Jr "A Language for Teaching Programming Linguistics" Abstract Extract: INTRODUCTION Extract: The PAL Language Extract: PAL's Universe of Discourse
          in (1968) Proceedings of the 23rd ACM national conference January 1968
  • Evans, Arthur Jr (1968) Evans, Arthur Jr "PAL — A reference manual and a primer" MIT Department of Electrical Engineering Feb 1968
          in (1968) Proceedings of the 23rd ACM national conference January 1968
  • Evans, A . (1970) Evans, A . "PAL - Pedagogic Algorithmic Language", M. I.T. Department of Electrical Engineering, October 1970
          in (1968) Proceedings of the 23rd ACM national conference January 1968
  • Zilles, S.N. (1970) Zilles, S.N. "An Expansion of the Data Structuring Capabilities of PAL" LCS Document MIT-LCS-TM-015 10-1-1970
          in (1968) Proceedings of the 23rd ACM national conference January 1968
  • Stock (1971) Stock, Karl F. "A listing of some programming languages and their users" in RZ-Informationen. Graz: Rechenzentrum Graz 1971 181 Abstract
          in (1968) Proceedings of the 23rd ACM national conference January 1968
  • Wozencraft, J.M. and Evans, A., (1971) Wozencraft, J.M. and Evans, A., "Notes on Programming Linguistics", MIT Department of Electrical Engineering, February 1971.
          in (1968) Proceedings of the 23rd ACM national conference January 1968
  • Evans, Arthur Jr (1972) Evans, Arthur Jr "The Lambda Calculus and its relation to programming languages" Abstract Extract: Introduction
          in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] Proceedings of the 1972 Annual Conference of the ACM
  • Sammet (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1972" 202
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 443 Abstract
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Strachey, Christopher (1973) Strachey, Christopher "The Varieties of Programming Language" Programming Research Group Technical Monograph PRG-10 March 1973 Abstract
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Zilles, S.N. (1973) Zilles, S.N. "Procedural encapsulation: A linguistic protection technique"
          in [SIGPLAN] (1973) SIGPLAN Notices 8(09) June 1973 Proceedings of ACM SIGPLAN - SIGOPS interface meeting on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Savannah, Georgia, 1973
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