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Language peer sets for FOCAL:
United States↑
United States/1968↑
Designed 1968 ↑
1960s languages ↑
Third generation↑
High Cold War↑
Genus Generation of JOSS I ↑
On-Line ↑
Generation of JOSS I↑
JOSS family↑
Conversational ↑
Generation of JOSS I/1968↑
JOSS family/1968↑
Conversational/1968↑
Generation of JOSS I/United States↑
JOSS family/United States↑
Conversational/United States↑
On-Line ↑
On-Line/1968↑
On-Line/us ↑

FOCAL(ID:406/foc001)

FOrmula CALculator. - JOSS family

alternate simple view

Country: United States
Designed 1968
Published: 1969
Genus: Generation of JOSS I
Sammet category: On-Line

for FOrmula CALculator.

Rick Merrill, DEC, 1969. Interactive, for PDP-5/PDP-8's, a descendant of AID/JOSS. ESIX documentation claims direct competition from DEC kills ESIX as a commercial product

Related languages

AID	→	FOCAL	Evolution of
ESIX	→	FOCAL	Influence
FOCAL	→	CAN	Dialect of
FOCAL	→	FOCAL/F	Evolution of
FOCAL	→	FOCAL-11	Evolution of
FOCAL	→	FOCAL-69	Evolution of
FOCAL	→	NODAL	Augmentation of

References:

Mefcalfe, Robert M. (1968) Mefcalfe, Robert M. "PROJECT ASC: Research and Development in the Application of Small Computers - Report of Progress and Findings April 26, 1968" Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1968 Abstract Extract: Preliminary Hypothesis and Goal Extract: The Computer Facility Extract: Comments On The Programming Language: Focal

Stock (1971) Stock, Karl F. "A listing of some programming languages and their users" in RZ-Informationen. Graz: Rechenzentrum Graz 1971 101 Abstract

Sammet (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1972" 101
in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972

Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 236 Abstract
in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972

Fulton, David L. and Thomas, Richard T. (1976) Fulton, David L. and Thomas, Richard T. "ABACUS/X an incremental compiler for minicomputer use" pp119-124 Extract: THE ABACUS/X LANGUAGE Extract: INTRODUCTION
in [SIGPLAN] (1976) SIGPLAN Notices 11(05) (May 1976)

Gorman, W. and M. Broussard (1976) Gorman, W. and M. Broussard "Minicomputer programming languages."
in [SIGPLAN] (1976) SIGPLAN Notices 11(04) April 1976

Ahl David (1987) Ahl David "The Beginnings of Computer Games" Keynote address at The Computer Museum's Computer Games Weekend, November 6-8, 1987
in [SIGPLAN] (1976) SIGPLAN Notices 11(04) April 1976

The Computer Museum Report 22 Spring 1988 Ahl (1988) The Computer Museum Report 22 Spring 1988 Ahl David "The Beginnings of Computer Games" Online at Ed THelen's Site Extract: FOCAL vs BASIC
in [SIGPLAN] (1976) SIGPLAN Notices 11(04) April 1976

Hechler, L.; Huebner, H.; Krause, U. (1989) Hechler, L.; Huebner, H.; Krause, U. "The NODAL Interpreter at GSI" GSI, Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung mbH 23 Feb 1989 Extract: History Extract: Characteristics of NODAL pdf
in [SIGPLAN] (1976) SIGPLAN Notices 11(04) April 1976
Resources

Interpreter
BNF Grammar: Grammar
do with v from i through e by 1. for v=i,e,s; do with v from i through e by s. NB. v can be subscripted (v(i)). goto unconditional jump. goto LNUM jump to the specified line. goto jump to the beginning of the program. if conditonal. if e LNUM_NEG ; CMD if (e < 0) goto LNUM_NEG else CMD. if e LNUM_NEG, LNUM_ZERO ; CMD if (e < 0) goto LNUM_NEG else if (e == 0) goto LNUM_ZERO else CMD. if e LNUM_NEG, LNUM_ZERO, LNUM_POS if (e < 0) goto LNUM_NEG else if (e == 0) goto LNUM_ZERO else goto LNUM_POS. library extended command. library save save current program to . library call call(load) program from . library delete delete . library list [] list library at or . if is omitted. quit stop execution. quit exit to operating system if used in top level. return return form subroutine. retrun set assign a value to a variable. set v=expr NB. v can be subscripted (v(i)). type typeout. type e[, e]... e may be an arithmetic expression or one of the following: %IW.FW set integral precision IW and fraction precision FW. ! print newline. # print carriage return. "str" print string. write write program list. write write whole program. write LGRP write specified group. write LNUM write specified line. ');">Mini manual: Manual Card
PDP-8 FAQ Richard Merrill invented FOCAL and wrote the original (1968) and classic
FOCAL-69 interpreters for the PDP-8. He also did early translations of
the interpreter to PDP-7/PDP-9 code and perhaps the earliest PDP-11
version. In addition, he wrote the EDIT-8 paper-tape based text editor
based on the FOCAL built-in text editor.

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