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Language peer sets for SQUARE:
United States↑
United States/1975↑
Designed 1975 ↑
1970s languages ↑
Fourth generation↑
High Cold War↑
Genus RDBMs ↑
RDBMs↑
DBMS↑
Data representation ↑
RDBMs/1975↑
DBMS/1975↑
Data representation/1975↑
RDBMs/United States↑
DBMS/United States↑
Data representation/United States↑

SQUARE(ID:696/squ001)

alternate simple view

Country: United States
Designed 1975
Published: 1975
Genus: RDBMs

for Specifying Queries as Relational Expressions

Query language, precursor to SQL.

Related languages

GIS	→	SQUARE		Influence
SQUARE	→	SEQUEL		Influence

References:

Boyce, R.F., and Chamberlin, D.D. (1973) Boyce, R.F., and Chamberlin, D.D. Using a structured English query language as a data definition facility. Res. Report RJ 1318, IBM Res. Lab., San Jose, Calif., Dec. 1973.

Boyce, R.F., Chamberlin, D.D., King, W.F., and Ham (1973) Boyce, R.F., Chamberlin, D.D., King, W.F., and Hammer, M.M. Specifying queries as relational expressions.
in [SIGPLAN] (1975) SIGPLAN Notices 10(01) January 1975 Proceedings of the 1973 SIGPLAN/SIGIR Interface Meeting, Gaithersburg, Md., Nov. 1973

Boyce, R.E. et al (1975) Boyce, R.E. et al "Specifying Queries as Relational Expressions: The SQUARE Data Sublanguage" Abstract
in [ACM] (1975) [ACM] CACM 18(11) (Nov 1975)

Reisner et al (1975) Reisner, P., Boyce, R. and Chamberlin, D. "Human Factors Evaluation of Database Query Languages - SQUARE AND SEQUEL," Proceedings of the National Computer Conference, AFIPS, Montvale, New Jersey, Volume 44, 1975, pp. 447-452.
in [ACM] (1975) [ACM] CACM 18(11) (Nov 1975)

Savides, P. (1976) Savides, P. review of Boyce et al 1975 Abstract
in (1975) ACM Computing Reviews 17(02) February 1976

Lacroix, Michale; and Pirotte, Alain (1978) Lacroix, Michale; and Pirotte, Alain "Domain-oriented relational languages"
in Proceedings of the 3rd conference on very large da (1977) Proceedings of the 3rd conference on very large data bases (Tokyo, Japan, Oct. 6-8, 1977), IEEE, New York, ACM, New York, 1977

(1979) Lomet, D., review of Lacroix and Pirotte 1978 Extract: Review
in (1979) ACM Computing Reviews 20(09) September 1979
Resources

from a page of SQL anecdotes Don Chamberlin:
"Ray Boyce had just been hired at that time, and we organized between the two of us this game that we called the Query Game, where we'd think of different questions that needed to be expressed and we'd try to find out syntax to express them in. These are some original foils from back in those days that we put together to try and convince people of things. We called the notation SQUARE; it stands for Specifying Queries as Relational Expressions. We had this idea, that Codd had developed two languages, called the relational algebra and the relational calculus. In the relational algebra, the basic objects were tables, and you combined these tables with operations like joins and projections and things like that. The relational calculus was a kind of a strange mathematical notation with a lot of quantifiers in it. We thought that what we needed was a language that was different from either one of those, in which the basic objects that you worked on were sets of values, and the things you did to those sets of values were you mapped one set of values into another using some kind of a table. So we had the usual database of sales and departments and items being located on different floors and we would take a value like two and map it through this notation into the departments that were on that floor, and then we'd map it again into the items that were sold by those departments. We would try to show that this mapping notation was simpler than some of the complex ways that you'd have to express this query in relational calculus, or of course far worse, using something like CODASYL."

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