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Language peer sets for SPEEDCODING: United States↑ United States/1953↑ Designed 1953 ↑ 1950s languages ↑ First generation↑ Early Cold War↑ Genus Fortran I-III Coeval ↑ Numerical Scientific ↑ Fortran I-III Coeval↑ Generation of Fortran I-III↑ Fortran family ↑ Fortran I-III Coeval/1953↑ Generation of Fortran I-III/1953↑ Fortran family/1953↑ Fortran I-III Coeval/United States↑ Generation of Fortran I-III/United States↑ Fortran family/United States↑ Numerical Scientific ↑ Numerical Scientific/1953↑ Numerical Scientific/us ↑ SPEEDCODING(ID:7/spe013)Backus Autocoderalternate simple viewCountry: United States Designed 1953 Published: 1953 Genus: Fortran I-III Coeval Sammet category: Numerical Scientific also Speedcode, proto-FORTRAN One of languages describe by Backus 1979 as creating a "synthetic computer" Team led by John Backus 1953 Backus says: Speedcoding took the 701, which was a fixed-point, single-address computer without index registers, and made it look like a floating-point, free-address computer with index registers. In other words, programmers no longer had to tangle with the binary code that was the true "machine" language, Most 701 programmers used speedcoding, although it exacted a price. The synthetic computer ran a lot slower because it had to do all the extra work of simulating floating-point and index registers. Hopper (1955) type 1 - Interpretive routines - system from the Manual It is hardly possible to assign credit for the IBM Speedcoding System because the group in IBM which developed the system has benefited from the suggestions of so many. Historically, the ingenious development of general-purpose systems for the IBM Card Programmed Calculator certainly influenced the basic thinking. Once the IBM 701 was announced, scientists concerned with preparing for these machines actively considered the problem of reducing problem preparation. Many useful and provocative ideas in this area were discussed in Poughkeepsie, New York, during the week of August 2628,1952, when representatives from the following organizations met to consider programming ideas: Boeing Airplane Company, Douglas Aircraft Company (El Segundo and Santa Monica), General Electric Company, International Business Machines Corporation, Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, US. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station (Inyokern), North American Aviation, Inc., United Aircraft Corporation, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Rand Corporation, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. At that meeting there were specific discussions of systems analogous to Speedcoding. The group at IBM which developed the Speedcoding System undertook to do so after discussing such systems with Dr. Willard Bouricius, head of the 701 Planning Group at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. This group, under the direction of Mr. Bengt Carlson, had completed a program with objectives similar to those of Speedcoding. Many discussions were held with Mr. Stuart Crossman's group at United Aircraft, particularly with Mr. Walter Ramshaw, whose assistance was extremely helpful in organizing and collating information and text. Finally, appreciation is expressed to those at IBM who have been most closely associated with the Speedcoding project since its beginning in January, 1953. These are: Mr. John Backus, who supervised the project, Mr. Harlan L. Herrick, Mr. Donald A. Quarles, Jr., Mr. Sherwood Skillman, Mr. John Pulos, and Miss Lucy A. Siegel. The project was carried out under the general direction of Mr. John Sheldon. People at GM Allison refered to it as Ramshaw's Speed Co People: Hardware: Related languages
References: in [ACM] (1954) [ACM] JACM 2(1) (Jan 1955) in Symposium on Automatic Programming For Digital Com (1954) Symposium on Automatic Programming For Digital Computers, Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy, Washington, D.C. PB 111 607 May 13-14 1954 in the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana Stat (1955) the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana State University, 16 Feb. 1955, Remington Rand, Inc. 1955 in [Armour] (1957) "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Computer Applications Symposium" , Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 1957 in [ACM] (1957) [ACM] JACM 4(3) July 1957 in [ACM] (1957) [ACM] JACM 4(3) July 1957 in Crabbe et al (1957) E. M. Crabbe, S. Ramo, and D. E. Wooldridge (eds.) "Handbook of Automation, Computation, and Control," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1959. in [ACM] (1963) [ACM] CACM 6(03) (Mar 1963) in [ACM] (1963) [ACM] CACM 6(03) (Mar 1963) in [AFIPS JCC 25] (1964) [AFIPS JCC 25] Proceedings of the 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference SJCC 1964 in [AFIPS JCC 25] (1964) [AFIPS JCC 25] Proceedings of the 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference SJCC 1964 in [AFIPS JCC 25] (1964) [AFIPS JCC 25] Proceedings of the 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference SJCC 1964 in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue in (1984) The Computer Museum Report, Volume 7, Winter/1983/84 in C.J. Bashe, L.R. Johnson, J.H. Palmer, and E.W. Pu (1986) C.J. Bashe, L.R. Johnson, J.H. Palmer, and E.W. Pugh "IBM's Early Computers" MIT Press, 1986 (Vol. 3 in the History of Computing series) Resources Search in: Google Google scholar World Cat Yahoo Overture DBLP Monash bib NZ IEEE ACM portal CiteSeer CSB ncstrl jstor Bookfinder |