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Language peer sets for COBOL:
United States↑
United States/1960↑
Designed 1960 ↑
1960s languages ↑
Second generation↑
Early Cold War↑
Genus COBOL-60 ↑
Business Data Processing ↑
COBOL-60↑
COBOLs↑
Data processing ↑
COBOL-60/1960↑
COBOLs/1960↑
Data processing/1960↑
COBOL-60/United States↑
COBOLs/United States↑
Data processing/United States↑
Business Data Processing ↑
Business Data Processing/1960↑
Business Data Processing/us ↑
COBOL(ID:139/cob004)
COmmon Business Oriented Language
alternate simple view
Country: United States
Designed 1960
Published: 1960
Genus: COBOL-60
Sammet category: Business Data Processing
for COmmon Business Oriented Language.
CODASYL Committee, Apr 1960.
Simple computations on large amounts of data. The most widely used programming language today.
The much-quoted jibes about verbosity are misguided: there was a very small subset of symbols - largely the simple arithmetic ones - which were "Englished", but the remainder were already Englished in (eg) FORTRAN, LISP and ALGOL. The natural language style was intended to make the programs largely self-documenting (pre-empting WEB); the use of divisions pre-empted structured programming, and the use of the record structure pre-empted Pascal.
Funnily enough, the same people who objected to the English in COBOL objected to the baroque elegance of APL where all the English was replaced with numerical symbols, so one might conclude they just liked the status quo. Mercifully, the COBOL wars died out when the people who hated it turned out to hate ALGOL 68 even more. "The question is, why is Cobol still in widespread use? The answer is, it does the job, it was conceived for business. Cobol is built around the concept of moving things around in storage. Most languages are built around a lower abstraction level and are more focused on algorithms. " John Bradley, CEO, Liant Software;
People:
Structures:
Related languages
References:
Albertson , E.J. (1959) Albertson , E.J. "Current Developments in Common Language Programming for Business Data Systems"
in Proceedings of the 1959 Computer Applications Symp (1959) Proceedings of the 1959 Computer Applications Symposium, Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ill., Oct. 29, 1959
Asch, Alfred. (1959) Asch, Alfred. 1959 July 29. Minutes of Committee Meeting on Data Systems Languages Held at Bureau of Standards, June 23-24. (Cited in Sammet 1978)
Extract:
Languages examined by CODASYL
in Proceedings of the 1959 Computer Applications Symp (1959) Proceedings of the 1959 Computer Applications Symposium, Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ill., Oct. 29, 1959
Katz, Charles (1959) Katz, Charles "The international algebraic language and the future of programming"
Extract:
Introduction
Extract:
ALGOL and CODASYL
Extract:
Conclusion
in Proceedings of the 1959 Computer Applications Symp (1959) Proceedings of the 1959 Computer Applications Symposium, Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ill., Oct. 29, 1959
[DOD] (1960) "Initial Specifications for a Common Business Oriented Language" DoD, US GPO, Apr 1960.
in Proceedings of the 1959 Computer Applications Symp (1959) Proceedings of the 1959 Computer Applications Symposium, Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ill., Oct. 29, 1959
Jones, John L (1960) Jones, John L "A COBOL Processor for The Univac 1105"
Extract:
AIMACO and COBOL
in [Proceedings] (1960) Proceedings of the 1960 Computer Applications Symposium, Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
Martin et al (1960) Martin, E. Wayne Jr.; Hall, Dale J. "Data Processing: Automation in Calculation" Review of Educational Research, Vol. 30, No. 5, The Methodology of Educational Research (Dec., 1960), 522-535.
Abstract
Extract:
Compiler Systems
in [Proceedings] (1960) Proceedings of the 1960 Computer Applications Symposium, Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
Martin et al (1960) Martin, E. Wayne Jr.; Hall, Dale J. "Data Processing: Automation in Calculation" Review of Educational Research, Vol. 30, No. 5, The Methodology of Educational Research (Dec., 1960), 522-535.
Abstract
Extract:
Compiler Systems
in [Proceedings] (1960) Proceedings of the 1960 Computer Applications Symposium, Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
Bagley, PR (1961) Bagley, PR "Improving problem-oriented language by stratifying it" pp217-221
in (1961) The Computer Journal 4(3) October 1961
IBM (1961) IBM "Powerful New Programming Aids Announced for IBM 1401 Computer"
Extract:
COBOL, Autocoder and IOCS
in (1961) Computer and Automation May 1961
Sammet, Jean E (1961) Sammet, Jean E "1960 Tower of Babel" diagram on the front of CACM January 1961
Picture: Cover of ACM Communications December 1961
in [ACM] (1961) [ACM] CACM 4(01) (Jan 1961)
Sammet (1961) Sammet, Jean E. "A Detailed Description Of COBOL" pp197-230
in Goodman (ed) (1961) Goodman, Richard (ed) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (2) 1961 Pergamon Press, Oxford
Sammet (1961) Sammet. Jean E. "General Views on COBOL" pp345
in Goodman (ed) (1961) Goodman, Richard (ed) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (2) 1961 Pergamon Press, Oxford
Weik, Martin H. (1961) Weik, Martin H. "A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems" Rpt 1115, BRL, Maryland, 1961
Online copy at Computer History Museum
in Goodman (ed) (1961) Goodman, Richard (ed) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (2) 1961 Pergamon Press, Oxford
Willey (1961) Willey, E. L. "A Critical Discussion Of COBOL" pp293-304
in Goodman (ed) (1961) Goodman, Richard (ed) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (2) 1961 Pergamon Press, Oxford
Willey et al (1961) Willey, E.L.; d'Agapeyeff, A.; Marion Tribe, B.J. Gibbens, Michelle Clark, "Some commercial Autocodes -- A comparative study", A.P.I.C. Studies in Data Processing #1, Academic Press, London, 1961, pp. 53.
in Goodman (ed) (1961) Goodman, Richard (ed) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (2) 1961 Pergamon Press, Oxford
Barron (1962) Barron, D. W. review of Goodman, Richard (ed) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming", Vol. 2
Abstract
Extract:
COBOL, FACT, IBM Commercial Translator, SEAL
in [Computer Bulletin] (1962) The Computer Bulletin June 1962
Clippinger, RF; (1962) Clippinger, RF; "Information algebra"
Extract:
COBOL, DETAB, IA and influences
Extract:
Basic concepts
Extract:
Property spaces
Extract:
Lines and functions of lines
Extract:
Areas and functions of areas
Extract:
Bundles and functions of bundles
Extract:
Glumps and functions of glumps
in (1962) The Computer Journal 5(3) October 1962
Kilner, Daphne (1962) Kilner, Daphne "Automatic Programming Languages for Business and Science"
Abstract
Extract:
Aims
Extract:
COBOL
in (1962) The Computer Bulletin September 1962
McGee, William C. (1962) McGee, William C. "The property classification method of file design and processing" pp450-458
Abstract
in [ACM] (1962) [ACM] CACM 5(08) August 1962
Sammet, Jean E. (1962) Sammet, Jean E. "Base elements of COBOL 61"
in [ACM] (1962) [ACM] CACM 5(05) May 1962
Bergstein, Harold (1963) Bergstein, Harold "Computerized reflections at CSC: an interview with Fletcher Jones, president, Computer Sciences Corp" Datamation March 1963
Extract:
CSC developed language systems
Extract:
On Cobol and possible commercial Algols
in [ACM] (1962) [ACM] CACM 5(05) May 1962
D'Agapeyeff, A.; Baecker, H. D.; and Gibbens, B. (1963) D'Agapeyeff, A.; Baecker, H. D.; and Gibbens, B. J. "Progress In Some Commercial Source Languages" pp277-298
in Goodman (ed) (1963) Goodman, Richard (ed) "Annual Review in Automatic Programming" (3) 1963 Pergamon Press, Oxford
Golds, I. M.; (1964) Golds, I. M.; "Users' experience of COBOL"
Abstract
in (1964) The Computer Journal 7(2) July 1964
Rosen, Saul (1964) Rosen, Saul "Programming Systems and Languages: a historical Survey" (reprinted in Rosen, Saul (ed) Programming Systems & Languages. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967)
Extract:
Early UNIVAC languages
in [AFIPS JCC 25] (1964) [AFIPS JCC 25] Proceedings of the 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference SJCC 1964
Stoker, J. (1964) Stoker, J. W. review of Willey et al 1961
in [ACR] (1964) ACM Computing Reviews 5(06) November-December 1964
Goldstein (1965) Goldstein, M. "Computer Languages" The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 72, No. 2, Part 2: Computers and Computing Feb., 1965 pp141-146
Extract:
Languages scene
in [ACR] (1964) ACM Computing Reviews 5(06) November-December 1964
Sammet, Jean E., (1967) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1967"
in (1967) Computers & Automation 16(6) June 1967
CODASYL Database Task Group, (1968) CODASYL Database Task Group, "COBOL extensions to handle data bases," (PB 177 682), Jan. 1968.
in (1967) Computers & Automation 16(6) June 1967
King, P.J.H. (1969) King, P.J.H. "Systems analysis documentation: computer-aided data
dictionary definition"
Extract:
BCL, COBOL, NEBULA
in (1969) The Computer Journal 12(1) 1969
Rice, John K. and Rice, John R. (1969) Rice, John K. and Rice, John R. "Introduction to computer science" New York Holt, Rinehart & Winston 1969
in (1969) The Computer Journal 12(1) 1969
Stock (1971) Stock, Karl F. "A listing of some programming languages and their users" in RZ-Informationen. Graz: Rechenzentrum Graz 1971 52
Abstract
in (1969) The Computer Journal 12(1) 1969
Sammet, Jean E., (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Programming languages: history and future"
in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] CACM 15(06) (June 1972)
Sammet (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1972" 53
in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
Sammet, Jean E. (1973) Sammet, Jean E. "Roster of Programming Languages for 1973" p147
in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 123
Abstract
in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
Hager, Oberita (1975) Hager, Oberita "An Evaluation of the Data Processing Program at Eastern Kentucky University"
in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
Brosgol, Benjamin M. (1976) Brosgol, Benjamin M. "COBOL Evaluation Report [DRAFT]" Intermetrics, Inc. IR-192-1 1976
Abstract
in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
(1976) The Higher Order Language Working Group (HOLWG) Working Paper on 23 exisitng programming languages
in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
Tharp, A. L. (1977) Tharp, A. L. "A comparison of COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I and SPITBOL"
in (1977) Computer Languages 2(4)
Tucker, Allen B., JR. (1977) Tucker, Allen B., JR. Programming languages. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1977
in (1977) Computer Languages 2(4)
Sammet, Jean E (1978) Sammet, Jean E "Roster of programming languages for 1976-77" pp56-85
in [SIGPLAN] (1978) SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978
Sammet, Jean E. (1978) Sammet, Jean E. "The early history of COBOL"
Abstract
in [HOPL I] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
Pollack, S. (1980) Pollack, S. L. review of Sammet 1980
Abstract
in (1980) ACM Computing Reviews 21(04) April 1980
Allen, F. E. (1981) Allen, F. E. "The history of language processor technology in IBM" pp535-548.
in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
Davis, John S. (1981) Davis, John S. "Ada -- A Suitable Replacement for Cobol?" US Army Institute for Research in Management Feb 1981
Abstract
in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
Gnugnoli, G. (1981) Gnugnoli, G. review of Shaw et al SPE 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews June 1981
Abstract
in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
Shaw, Mary; Almes, Guy T.; Newcomer, Joseph M.; Re (1981) Shaw, Mary; Almes, Guy T.; Newcomer, Joseph M.; Reid, Brian K.; and Wulf, W. A. "A comparison of programming languages for software engineering" Software Practice and Experience 11(01) January 1981 pp1-52
in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
Allen, F. (1982) Allen, F. and Schwartz, J. review of Sammet and Lee HOPL conference end banquet excerpts
Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Kerner, L.O. (1982) Kerner, L.O. review of Allen 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews September 1982
Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Klerer, M. (1982) Klerer, M. review of Sammet 1978 in ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Steel, T. (1982) Steel, T. B. review of Wexelblat 1982
Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Van Deusen, M. (1982) Van Deusen, M. review of Wexelblat 1982
Abstract
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Cruz, I.F., (1988) Cruz, I.F., "Domains of Application for the G+ Query Language", Office and Database Systems Research, ed. F.H. Lochovsky, CSRI, Univ. of Toronto, 1988.
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
(1997) "The World's First COBOL Compilers" By Harold "Bud" Lawson and Howard Bromberg Computer History Museum Lecture Series Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford University June 12, 1997
Online copy
in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
Bill C. Hardgrave, E. Reed Doke (2000) Bill C. Hardgrave, E. Reed Doke "Cobol in an Object-Oriented World: A Learning Perspective"
Abstract
in (2000) IEEE Software 17(2) March/April 2000
Round table discussion: (2000) Round table discussion: "In Cobol's Defense" 17(2) March/April 2000 pp. 70-72,75
in (2000) IEEE Software 17(2) March/April 2000
(2002) Library of Congress Subject Headings C25
in (2000) IEEE Software 17(2) March/April 2000
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