SAIL(ID:528/sai002)Stanford Artificial Intelligence Languagefor Stanford Artificial Intelligence Language. Also for Stare At It Later Dan Swinehart & Bob Sproull, Stanford AI Project, 1970. A large ALGOL-60-like language for the DEC-10 and DEC-20. Its main feature is a symbolic data system based upon an associative store (originally called LEAP). Items may be stored as unordered sets or as associations (triples). Processes, events and interrupts, contexts, backtracking and record garbage collection. Block-structured macros. Parallelism achieved through multiple processes. (also Bill Gates' favourite language!) 01700 There was a compiler named SAIL, 01800 Assembled and coded in FAIL. 01900 Its authors, they say 02000 (one glorious day) 02100 Were run out of town on a rail. Places Structures: Related languages
References: in Su, S. Y. W. ; V. Krishnamurthy, and H. Lam. An Objectoriented Semantic Association Model (OSAM*) pp464-494 view details in ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974 view details Institution: Stanford University, Department of Computer Science Title: SAIL user manual. Author: VanLehn, Kurt A. Date: July 1973 Abstract: SAIL is a high-level programming language for the PDP-10 computer. It includes an extended ALGOL 60 compiler and a companion set of execution-time routines. In addition to ALGOL, the language features: (1) flexible linking to hand-coded machine language algorithms, (2) complete access to the PDP-10 I/O facilities, (3) a complete system of compile-time arithmetic and logic as well as a flexible macro system, (4) user modifiable error handling, (5) backtracking, and (6) interrupt facilities. Furthermore, a subset of the SAIL language, called LEAP, provides facilities for (1) sets and lists, (2) an associative data structure, (3) independent processes, and (4) procedure variables. The LEAP subset of SAIL is an extension of the LEAP language, which was designed by J. Feldman and P. Rovner, and implemented on Lincoln Laboratory's TX-2 (see [Feldman & Rovner, "An Algol-Based Associative Language," Communications of the ACM, v.12, no. 8 (Aug. 1969), pp.439-449]). The extensions to LEAP are partially described in "Recent Developments is SAIL" (see [Feldman et al., Proceedings of the AFIPS Fall Joint Computer Conference, 1972, pp. 1193-1202]). This manual describes the SAIL language and the execution-time routines for the typical SAIL user: a non-novice programmer with some knowledge of ALGOL. It lies somewhere between being a tutorial and a reference manual. in ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974 view details SAIL is a marriage of LEAP (Feldman 1969), an associative retrieval formalism, and a version of ALGOL 60. It has been in use at Stanford since 1969. Recent improvements, stimulated by the needs of AI researchers, have been primarily focused on adding more powerful and flexible control mechanisms. in [ACM] ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 6(3) September 1974 view details Extract: SAIL SAIL is a dialect of ALGOL 60 and was developed primarily with the Stanford Hand-Eye System in mind. It is based on the associative processing features of LEAP but contains many new features such as backtracking and matching procedures. Matching procedures are somewhat similar to IPL-V "generators" and are used to generate strategies, and for coding of complex associative contexts. SAIL has sets and lists as data structures, and a new data type called a "context" which is useful for state saving and backup. SAIL contains multiple processes and follows the important principle that an occurrence in one process can influence the flow of control in other processes. in Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States view details Institution: Stanford University, Department of Computer Science Title: BAIL: a debugger for SAIL. Author: Reiser, John F. Date: October 1975 Abstract: BAIL is a debugging aid for SAIL programs, where SAIL is an extended dialect of ALGOL60 which runs on the PDP-10 computer. BAIL consists of a breakpoint package and an expression interpreter which allow the user to stop his program at selected points, examine and change the values of variables, and evaluate general SAIL expressions. In addition, BAIL can display text from the source file corresponding to the current location in the program. In may respects BAIL is like DDT or RAID, except that BAIL is oriented towards SAIL and knows about SAIL data types, primitive operations, and procedure implementation. in Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States view details Institution: Stanford University, Department of Computer Science Title: SAIL Author: Reiser, John F. Date: August 1976 Abstract: Sail is a high-level programming language for the PDP-10 computer. It includes an extended ALGOL 60 compiler and a companion set of execution-time routines. In addition to ALGOL, the language features: (1) flexible linking to hand-coded machine language algorithms, (2) complete access to the PDP-10 I/O facilities, (3) a complete system of compile-time arithmetic and logic as well as a flexible macro system, (4) a high-level debugger, (5) records and references, (6) sets and lists, (7) an associative data structure, (8) independent processes, (9) procedure variables, (10) user modifiable error handling, (11) backtracking, and (12) interrupt facilities. This manual describes the Sail language and the execution-time routines for the typical Sail user: a non-novice programmer with some knowledge of ALGOL. It lies somewhere between being a tutorial and a reference manual. pdf Extract: History HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE The GOGOL III compiler, developed principally by Dan Swinehart at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Project, was the basis for the non-LEAP portions of SAIL. Robert Sproull joined Swinehart in incorporating the features of LEAP The first version of the language was released in November, 1969. SAIL's intermediate development was the responsibility of Russell Taylor, Jim Low, and Hanan Samet, who introduced processes, procedure variables, interrupts, contexts, matching procedures, a new macro system, and other features. Most recently John Reiser, Robert Smith, and Russell Taylor maintained and extended SAIL. They added a high-level debugger, conversion to TENEX, a print statement, and records and references. in Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States view details Note: A. No commitment is made to support this or any other version of SAIL with bug fixes or subsequent releases. Users interested in a maintained version should contact Tymchare, Inc. B. When putting up the SAIL system the author suggests first reading the file TELLEM. C. This version is for TOPS-10 only, TOPS-20 and Tenex sites should use 20-2. D. Documentation for FAIL is on the tape. External link: Online at Trailing ege in Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States view details Institution: Stanford University, Department of Computer Science Title: SAIL tutorial Author: Smith, Nancy W. Date: October 1976 Abstract: This tutorial is designed for a beginning user of Sail, an ALGOL-like language for the PDP10. The first part covers the basic statements and expressions of the language; remaining topics include macros, records, conditional compilation, and input/output. Detailed examples of Sail programming are included throughout, and only a minimum of programming background is assumed. pdf in Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States view details in Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, March 28-29, 1974, Santa Monica, California, United States view details in Comput Programs Biomed. 7(2) June 1977 view details in SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978 view details in SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978 view details Resources
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