| ASTROL | ⊕ 1978 | ⊕ Germany | |||
| MiniLex | ⊕ 1978 | ⊕ Germany | |||
| PRA | ⊕ 1978 | ⊕ Germany | PRAgmatics | ||
| SEM | ⊕ 1978 | ⊕ Germany | |||
| SYN | ⊕ 1978 | ⊕ Germany | specification language | ||
| USL | ⊕ 1978 | ↓ ↑ ⊕ Specialised Languages | ⊕ Ad hoc query languages | ⊕ Germany | Near natural language querying system |