| DDL | ⊕ 1991 | ↓ ↑ ⊕ Business Data Processing | ⊕ United States | Data Definition Language | |
| dVoice | ⊕ 1991 | ↓ ↑ ⊕ Business Data Processing | ⊕ Labelled Matrix | ⊕ United States | Voice-capable dBase |
| Express | ⊕ 1991 | ↓ ↑ ⊕ Business Data Processing | ⊕ United States | NIST Data definition language | |
| STARSET | ⊕ 1991 | ↓ ↑ ⊕ Business Data Processing | ⊕ Russian Federation | Distributed databases programming language |