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Language peer sets for LOGO:
United States↑
United States/1967↑
Designed 1967 ↑
1960s languages ↑
Third generation↑
High Cold War↑
Genus List ↑
String and List Processing ↑
List↑
Rank 1 unlabelled↑
Rank 1 ↑
List/1967↑
Rank 1 unlabelled/1967↑
Rank 1/1967↑
List/United States↑
Rank 1 unlabelled/United States↑
Rank 1/United States↑
String and List Processing ↑
String and List Processing/1967↑
String and List Processing/us ↑

LOGO(ID:291/log016)

Elementary list processing language with interactive graphics 

alternate simple view
Country: United States
Designed 1967
Published: 1968
Genus: List
Sammet category: String and List Processing

from Greek logos (word)

Fuerzeig et al, Bolt Beranek and Newman 1967

Developed 1966-1968 by a group at Bolt, Beranek & Newman headed by Wally Fuerzeig and including Seymour Papert. A LISP-like language aimed at children, to teach them the concepts of computer programming in a fun and intuitive way.

One of the ideas guiding it's creation was the principle "low floor, high ceiling". This means that it should be easy for the novice programmer to get started (the "low floor") writing programs and getting satisfaction doing so, but that the language should be powerful and extensive in a "sky is the limit" sort of a way (the "high ceiling).  

The graphics interface - the  "turtle" that walked around the screen and drew geometric shapes was an add-on done at BBN, which was a runaway success. As a result, LOGO has become thought of as a children's graphics language, which does not do it justice.

The original implimentation (called "ghost" Logo in Logo-circles) was implemented on the BBN PDP-1

Places
Related languages
LISP 1.5 → LOGO   Influence
LISP 1.5 → LOGO   Written using
TELCOMP → LOGO   Written using
LOGO → Boxer   Evolution of
LOGO → DL Logo   Implementation
LOGO → Leogo   Subsumed
LOGO → LLOGO   Implementation
LOGO → Logo II   Augmentation of
LOGO → LOGO-S   Standardisation
LOGO → Marta   Implementation
LOGO → Martino   Implementation
LOGO → MultiLogo   Augmentation of
LOGO → NeoLogo   Evolution of
LOGO → ObjectLogo   Extension of
LOGO → PLOGO   Port
LOGO → SIMULOGO   Extension of
LOGO → SLOGO   Implementation
LOGO → SOLO   Evolution of
LOGO → Terrapin Logo   Implementation
LOGO → Yellow Brick Logo   Implementation
References:
  • Feurzeig, W., Lukas, G., (1969) Feurzeig, W., Lukas, G., "Information Processing Models and Computer Aids for Human Performance, Section 3: Programming Language as a Tool for Cognitive Research," AD732308, Defense Documentation Center.
  • Feurzeig, W., Lukas, G., et al, (1969) Feurzeig, W., Lukas, G., et al, "Languages as a Conceptual Framework for Teaching Mathematic: final report on the first fifteen months of the Logo Project, submitted to the U.S. National Science Foundation", Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. Report #1889, November 30, 1969.
  • Papert, Seymour (1971) Papert, Seymour "A Computer Laboratory for Elementary Schools", AIM No. 246 (LOGO Memo No. 1) October 1971
  • Papert, Seymour (1971) Papert, Seymour "Teaching Children Thinking" MIT AIM 247 (LOGO Memo No. 2) October 1971
  • Papert, Seymour (1971) Papert, Seymour "Teaching Children to be Mathematicians VS. Teaching About Mathematics", AIM 249 (LOGO Memo No. 4) July 1971
  • Papert, Seymour and Solomon, Cynthia (1971) Papert, Seymour and Solomon, Cynthia "Twenty Things To Do With a Computer" AIM 248 (LOGO Memo No. 3) June 1971
  • Baecker, Ronald (1972) Baecker, Ronald "The use of logo in a 'computers and society' course " Abstract DOI Extract: The use of Logo
          in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] Proceedings of the 1972 Annual Conference of the ACM
  • Brown, John Seely (1972) Brown, John Seely "Recursive functional programming as a conceptual tool for social scientists" p320 Abstract DOI
          in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] Proceedings of the 1972 Annual Conference of the ACM
  • Lukas, George (1972) Lukas, George "Uses of the LOGO programming language in undergraduate instruction" Abstract
          in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] Proceedings of the 1972 Annual Conference of the ACM
  • Papert, Seymour (1972) Papert, Seymour "On making a theorem for a child"
          in [ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE] (1972) [ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE] SIGCUE 3 - Computers in education - some novel approaches 1972
  • Austin, Howard (1973) Austin, Howard "The Logo Primer" Logo working paper 19, MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, January 1973
          in [ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE] (1972) [ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE] SIGCUE 3 - Computers in education - some novel approaches 1972
  • Goldstein, Ira (1973) Goldstein, Ira "Germland" Logo working paper 7, MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, February 1973
          in [ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE] (1972) [ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE] SIGCUE 3 - Computers in education - some novel approaches 1972
  • Newman, W.M. (1973) Newman, W.M. "An informal graphics system based on the LOGO language" pp651-655
          in [AFIPS] (1973) [AFIPS] Proceedings of the 1973 Fall Joint Computer Conference FJCC 42
  • Sammet, Jean E. (1973) Sammet, Jean E. "Roster of Programming Languages for 1973" p147
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 330 Abstract
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Abelson, Hal and Jim Adams (1974) Abelson, Hal and Jim Adams "A Glossary of LOGO Primitives" MIT AIM-315 December 1974 Abstract
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Abelson, Hal; Goodman, Nat; and Lee Rudolph (1974) Abelson, Hal; Goodman, Nat; and Lee Rudolph "LOGO Manual" MIT AIM-313 December 1974 Abstract
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Abelson, Hal; Goodman, Nat; Rudolph, Lee (1974) Abelson, Hal; Goodman, Nat; Rudolph, Lee "PDP-11 Logo Manual" Logo memo 7, MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, August 1974
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Bamberger, Jeanne (1974) Bamberger, Jeanne "The Luxury of Necessity" MIT AIM-312 December 1974 Abstract
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Bamberger, Jeanne (1974) Bamberger, Jeanne "What's in a Tune" MIT AIM-314 November 1974 Abstract pdf
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Goldstein, Ira P. (1974) Goldstein, Ira P. "Summary of MYCROFT: A System for Understanding Simple Picture Programs" MIT A.I. Lab. AIM-305 May 1974
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Goldstein, Ira; Lieberman, Henry; Bochner; Harry a (1974) Goldstein, Ira; Lieberman, Henry; Bochner; Harry and Miller, Mark "LLOGO: An Implementation of LOGO in LISP" MIT AIM-307 June 1974 Abstract
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • di Sessa, Andy (1975) di Sessa, Andy "Turtle Escapes the Plane: Some Advanced Turtle Geometry" MIT AIM-348 December 1975 Abstract pdf
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Goldenberg, E. Paul (1975) Goldenberg, E. Paul "A Glossary of PDP11 LOGO Primitives" MIT AIM-315A March 1975 Abstract pdf
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Abelson, Harold (1976) Abelson, Harold "Logo graphics as a mathematical environment" Abstract
          in [ACM] (1976) [ACM] Proceedings of the annual ACM conference 1976 , Houston, Texas, United States
  • Austin, Howard (1976) Austin, Howard "Teaching Teachers LOGO: The Lesley Experiments" IT AIM-336 April 1976 Abstract
          in [ACM] (1976) [ACM] Proceedings of the annual ACM conference 1976 , Houston, Texas, United States
  • Lieberman, Henry (1976) Lieberman, Henry "The TV Turtle a Logo graphics system for raster displays" pp66-72 Abstract
          in [ACM SIGPPLAN] (1976) [ACM SIGPPLAN] Proc ACM Symp on Graphic Languages, Apr 1976
  • Solomon, Cynthia J. (1976) Solomon, Cynthia J. "Leading a Child to a Computer Culture"
          in [ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE] (1976) [ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE] The papers of the ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE technical symposium on Computer science and education February 1976
  • Feurzeig, Wallace; Lukas G.; Lukas, Joan (1977) Feurzeig, Wallace; Lukas G.; Lukas, Joan "The LOGO Language: Learning Mathematics Through Programming"
          in [ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE] (1976) [ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE] The papers of the ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE technical symposium on Computer science and education February 1976
  • Sammet, Jean E (1978) Sammet, Jean E "Roster of programming languages for 1976-77" pp56-85
          in [SIGPLAN] (1978) SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978
  • Papert, S. (1980) Papert, S. "Mindstorms: children, computers, and powerful ideas" Basic Books, Inc. New York. 1980.
          in [SIGPLAN] (1978) SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978
  • Abelson, Harold (1982) Abelson, Harold "Apple Logo" McGraw-Hill, 1982.
          in [SIGPLAN] (1978) SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978
  • Feurzeig, W. (1984) Feurzeig, W. "The Logo Lineage" Extract: TELCOMP as the ancestor of LOGO Extract: LOGO based on LISP Onlne copy at the Atari Archives
          in Ditlea, Steve (ed) (1984) Ditlea, Steve (ed) "Digital Deli: The Comprehensive, User-Lovable Menu of Computer Lore, Culture, Lifestyles and Fancy by The Lunch Group & Guests" Workman Publishers: New York, 1984.
  • Harvey, B., (1985) Harvey, B., "Computer Science Logo Style", MIT Press 1985
          in Ditlea, Steve (ed) (1984) Ditlea, Steve (ed) "Digital Deli: The Comprehensive, User-Lovable Menu of Computer Lore, Culture, Lifestyles and Fancy by The Lunch Group & Guests" Workman Publishers: New York, 1984.
  • Bigum, C., “Logo, Some Critical Reflections” in Sa (1986) Bigum, C., “Logo, Some Critical Reflections” in Salvas, A.D. & Dowling, C. (eds), Computers in Education: on the crest of a wave?, Computer Education Group of Victoria, Balaclava, 1986.
          in Ditlea, Steve (ed) (1984) Ditlea, Steve (ed) "Digital Deli: The Comprehensive, User-Lovable Menu of Computer Lore, Culture, Lifestyles and Fancy by The Lunch Group & Guests" Workman Publishers: New York, 1984.
  • Brusilovsky, P., Calabrese, E., Hvorecky, J., Kouc (1997) Brusilovsky, P., Calabrese, E., Hvorecky, J., Kouchnirenko, A., and Miller, P. (1997) Mini-languages: A Way to Learn Programming Principles. Education and Information Technologies 2 (1), pp. 65-83.
          in Ditlea, Steve (ed) (1984) Ditlea, Steve (ed) "Digital Deli: The Comprehensive, User-Lovable Menu of Computer Lore, Culture, Lifestyles and Fancy by The Lunch Group & Guests" Workman Publishers: New York, 1984.
  • Chakraborty, Anit (1999) "LOGO: a project history" by Anit Chakraborty, Randy Graebner, Tom Stocky 1999 pdf
          in Ditlea, Steve (ed) (1984) Ditlea, Steve (ed) "Digital Deli: The Comprehensive, User-Lovable Menu of Computer Lore, Culture, Lifestyles and Fancy by The Lunch Group & Guests" Workman Publishers: New York, 1984.
  • (2002) Library of Congress Subject Headings L63
          in Ditlea, Steve (ed) (1984) Ditlea, Steve (ed) "Digital Deli: The Comprehensive, User-Lovable Menu of Computer Lore, Culture, Lifestyles and Fancy by The Lunch Group & Guests" Workman Publishers: New York, 1984.
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