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Language peer sets for FORTRAN:
United States↑
United States/1954↑
Designed 1954 ↑
1950s languages ↑
Second generation↑
Early Cold War↑
Genus Fortran I-III Variants ↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Fortran I-III Variants↑
Generation of Fortran I-III↑
Fortran family ↑
Fortran I-III Variants/1954↑
Generation of Fortran I-III/1954↑
Fortran family/1954↑
Fortran I-III Variants/United States↑
Generation of Fortran I-III/United States↑
Fortran family/United States↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Numerical Scientific/1954↑
Numerical Scientific/us ↑

FORTRAN(ID:8/for047)

Backus et al high-level compiler 

alternate simple view
Country: United States
Designed 1954
Published: 1954
Genus: Fortran I-III Variants
Sammet category: Numerical Scientific

for FORmula TRANslating

Design begun in 1954, compiler released April 1957. Based on Backus earlier work with Speedcoding, but involving other programmers from many institutions and organisations.

The first and still the most widely used language for numerical calculations.

Particularly good language for processing numerical data, but it does not lend itself very well to organizing large programs.

Nonrecursive, efficient.

from BRL 1960 manifest
"Fortran (Automatic Formula Translation).
  This is a program which allows expression of scientific problems in terms of
mathematical formulae, with the formulae completely acceptable to the
system. There is flexibility in the program allowing for expansion of the language
and provision for inclusion of a library of programs previously written."

Harlan Herrick invented GOTO
Roy Nutt invented FORMAT

Places
People:

Hardware:
Related languages
ALGAE → FORTRAN   Influence
George → FORTRAN   Influence
Laning and Zierler → FORTRAN   Influence
SPEEDCODING → FORTRAN   Evolution of
FORTRAN → COMTRAN   Equal portability Moderate Influence
FORTRAN → FORTRAN II   Evolution of
FORTRAN → FORTRANSIT   Subset
FORTRAN → PACT I   Moderate Influence
FORTRAN → SAKO   Influence
FORTRAN → UNICODE   Influence
References:
  • Hopper (1955) Hopper, Grace "Automatic Coding for Digital Computers" pdf Extract: Introduction
          in the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana Stat (1955) the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana State University, 16 Feb. 1955, Remington Rand, Inc. 1955
  • [IBM] (1956) The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM (Programmer's Reference Manual), IBM Corp., 32-7026 (Oct., 1956).
          in the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana Stat (1955) the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana State University, 16 Feb. 1955, Remington Rand, Inc. 1955
  • New Yorker (1957) "The Talk of the Town" 5 January 1957 New Yorker Extract: PRINT 1 and FORTRAN Extract: An advertisement for programmers
          in the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana Stat (1955) the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana State University, 16 Feb. 1955, Remington Rand, Inc. 1955
  • Backus, J. W. et al., (1957) Backus, J. W. et al., "The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System"
          in Rosen, Saul (ed) Programming Systems & Languages. (1967) Rosen, Saul (ed) Programming Systems & Languages. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967.
  • Backus, J. W. et al., (1957) Backus, J. W. et al., "The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System"
          in [JCC 11] (1957) [JCC 11] Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference, Los Angeles February 1957
  • Bemer (1957) Bemer, R. W. "The Status of Automatic Programming for Scientific Problems" Abstract Extract: Summary Extract: IT, FORTRANSIT, SAP, SOAP, SOHIO
          in [Armour] (1957) "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Computer Applications Symposium" , Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 1957
  • Gorn, Saul (1957) Gorn, Saul "Standardized Programming Methods and Universal Coding" Extract: Introduction
          in [ACM] (1957) [ACM] JACM 4(3) July 1957
  • [IBM] (1957) Programmer's Primer for FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704, IBM Corp., 32-0306-1 (1957). Extract: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
          in [ACM] (1957) [ACM] JACM 4(3) July 1957
  • [IBM] (1957) Programmer's Primer for FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704, IBM Corp., 32-0306-1 (1957).
          in [ACM] (1957) [ACM] JACM 4(3) July 1957
  • (1958) "Automatic Coding with FORTRAN" Computer Bulletin August 1958 Abstract
          in [ACM] (1957) [ACM] JACM 4(3) July 1957
  • Bemer (1958) [Bemer, RW] [State of ACM automatic coding library August 1958]
          in [ACM] (1957) [ACM] JACM 4(3) July 1957
  • [IBM] (1958) [IBM] "FORTRAN II for the IBM 704 Data Processing System (Reference Manual)" IBM Corp., C28-6000 (1958). Extract: General introduction: original FORTRAN Extract: General introduction: FORTRAN II
          in [ACM] (1957) [ACM] JACM 4(3) July 1957
  • [IBM] (1958) [IBM] Reference Manual, 709/7090 FORTRAN Programming System. IBM Form Number C28-6054-2. Extract: THE FORTRAN SYSTEM
          in [ACM] (1957) [ACM] JACM 4(3) July 1957
  • Backus, J. W. (1958) Backus, J. W. "Automatic programming: properties and performance of FORTRAN systems I and II"
          in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mechanisation (1958) Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mechanisation of Thought Processes. Teddington, Middlesex, England: The National Physical Laboratory, November 1958
  • Carr (1959) Carr, John W III; "Computer Programming" volume 2, chapter 2, pp115-121
          in Crabbe et al (1957) E. M. Crabbe, S. Ramo, and D. E. Wooldridge (eds.) "Handbook of Automation, Computation, and Control," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1959.
  • Carr, John W., III (1959) Carr, John W., III "Recursive subscripting compilers and list-type memories" pp4-6
          in [ACM] (1959) [ACM] CACM 2(02) February 1959
  • Locks (1959) Locks, Mitchell O. "Automatic Programming for Automatic Computers" Journal of the American Statistical Association, 549(288) Dec 1959 pp744-754 Extract: SOAP, RECO, X1 Extract: MATHMATIC, FORTRAN and UNICODE Extract: FLOW-MATIC and REPORT GENERATOR
          in [ACM] (1959) [ACM] CACM 2(02) February 1959
  • Sheridan (1959) Sheridan, Peter B "The Arithmetic Translator Compiler of the FORTRAN Automatic Coding System" Extract: Introduction
          in [ACM] (1959) [ACM] CACM 2(02) February 1959
  • Martin et al (1960) Martin, E. Wayne Jr.; Hall, Dale J. "Data Processing: Automation in Calculation" Review of Educational Research, Vol. 30, No. 5, The Methodology of Educational Research (Dec., 1960), 522-535. Abstract Extract: Compiler Systems
          in [ACM] (1959) [ACM] CACM 2(02) February 1959
  • Ershov, A. P. (1961) Ershov, A. P. "Avtomatizacija programmirovanija sbor-nik perevodov" [Automatic programming. A collection of translations covering FORTRAN, UNICODE, SOAP, IT and ALGOL] Moscow 1961.
          in [ACM] (1959) [ACM] CACM 2(02) February 1959
  • Sammet, Jean E (1961) Sammet, Jean E "1960 Tower of Babel" diagram on the front of CACM January 1961 Picture: Cover of ACM Communications December 1961
          in [ACM] (1961) [ACM] CACM 4(01) (Jan 1961)
  • Weik, Martin H. (1961) Weik, Martin H. "A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems" Rpt 1115, BRL, Maryland, 1961 Online copy at Computer History Museum
          in [ACM] (1961) [ACM] CACM 4(01) (Jan 1961)
  • Knuth. Donald (1962) Knuth. Donald "History of writing compilers" Abstract
          in (1962) Invited papers
  • Rosen, Saul (1964) Rosen, Saul "Programming Systems and Languages: a historical Survey" (reprinted in Rosen, Saul (ed) Programming Systems & Languages. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967) Extract: FORTRAN languages Extract: Algol vs Fortran
          in [AFIPS JCC 25] (1964) [AFIPS JCC 25] Proceedings of the 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference SJCC 1964
  • Sammet, Jean E., (1967) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1967"
          in (1967) Computers & Automation 16(6) June 1967
  • Bemer, Robert W. (1968) Bemer, Robert W. "The PL/I Family Tree" Extract: Introduction Extract: Definition and Maintenance Extract: Introduction
          in (1968) PL/I Bulletin, Issue 6, March 1968
  • Rice, John K. and Rice, John R. (1969) Rice, John K. and Rice, John R. "Introduction to computer science" New York Holt, Rinehart & Winston 1969
          in (1968) PL/I Bulletin, Issue 6, March 1968
  • Sammet, Jean E. (1969) Sammet, Jean E. "Computer Languages - Principles and History" Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall 1969. p.130.
          in (1968) PL/I Bulletin, Issue 6, March 1968
  • Bright, Herbert S. (1971) Bright, Herbert S. "FORTRAN comes to Westinghouse-Bettis, 1957"
          in (1971) Computers and Automation 20(11) November 1971
  • Stock (1971) Stock, Karl F. "A listing of some programming languages and their users" in RZ-Informationen. Graz: Rechenzentrum Graz 1971 105 Abstract
          in (1971) Computers and Automation 20(11) November 1971
  • Sammet, Jean E., (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Programming languages: history and future"
          in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] CACM 15(06) (June 1972)
  • Sammet (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1972" 104
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Elson, M. (1973) Elson, M. Concept of programming languages, Science Research Associates, Palo Alto, Calif., 1973
          in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972
  • Sammet, Jean E. (1973) Sammet, Jean E. "Roster of Programming Languages for 1973" p147
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 245 Abstract
          in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
  • Backus, John (1976) Backus, John "Programming in America in the nineteen fifties - some personal impressions" pp125-135
          in Metropolis, N. (1980) Metropolis, N. et al., (eds.),A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (Proceedings of the International Conference on the History of Computing, June 10 15, 1976) Academic Press, New York, 1980
  • (1976) The Higher Order Language Working Group (HOLWG) Working Paper on 23 exisitng programming languages
          in Metropolis, N. (1980) Metropolis, N. et al., (eds.),A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (Proceedings of the International Conference on the History of Computing, June 10 15, 1976) Academic Press, New York, 1980
  • Tharp, A. L. (1977) Tharp, A. L. "A comparison of COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I and SPITBOL"
          in (1977) Computer Languages 2(4)
  • Tucker, Allen B., JR. (1977) Tucker, Allen B., JR. Programming languages. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1977
          in (1977) Computer Languages 2(4)
  • Backus, John (1978) Backus, John "The History of FORTRAN I, II and III"
          in [HOPL I] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
  • (1978) Bernard A.Galler The Fortran Language
          in [HOPL I] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
  • Sammet, Jean E (1978) Sammet, Jean E "Roster of programming languages for 1976-77" pp56-85
          in [SIGPLAN] (1978) SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978
  • Ambler, A. (1979) Ambler, A. L. review of Waite (1979) Extract: Review
          in (1979) ACM Computing Reviews 20(08) August 1979
  • Arisawa, Makoto and Iuchi, Minoru (1979) Arisawa, Makoto and Iuchi, Minoru "Fortran + Preprocessor = Utopia 84" Extract: Account
          in [SIGPLAN] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(01) January 1979
  • Waite, W. M. (1979) Waite, W. M. "Intermediate languages: current status"
          in [Proceedings] (1976) Portability of numerical software, (Workshop, Oak Brook, 111., June 21-23, 1976), Wayne Cowell (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977
  • Paskusz, G. (1980) Paskusz, G. F. review of Backus 1978 Abstract
          in (1980) ACM Computing Reviews 21(05) May 1980
  • Gnugnoli, G. (1981) Gnugnoli, G. review of Shaw et al SPE 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews June 1981 Abstract
          in (1980) ACM Computing Reviews 21(05) May 1980
  • Morris, A. H. Jr. (1981) Morris, A. H. Jr. "Can Ada replace FORTRAN for numerical computation?"
          in [SIGPLAN] (1981) SIGPLAN Notices 16(12) December 1981
  • Myers, Eugene W. Jr. and Osterweil, Leon J. (1981) Myers, Eugene W. Jr. and Osterweil, Leon J. "BIGMAC II: A FORTRAN language augmentation tool" Abstract
          in [Proceedings] (1981) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Engineering 1981, March 09-12, 1981, San Diego, California, United States
  • Sammet, Jean E. (1981) Sammet, Jean E. "History of IBM's Technical Contributions to High Level Programming Languages" pp520ff
          in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
  • Shaw, Mary; Almes, Guy T.; Newcomer, Joseph M.; Re (1981) Shaw, Mary; Almes, Guy T.; Newcomer, Joseph M.; Reid, Brian K.; and Wulf, W. A. "A comparison of programming languages for software engineering" Software Practice and Experience 11(01) January 1981 pp1-52
          in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
  • Allen, F. (1982) Allen, F. and Schwartz, J. review of Sammet and Lee HOPL conference end banquet excerpts Abstract
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Berry, D. (1982) Berry, D. M. review of Backus 1978 in ACM Computing Reviews March 1982 Abstract
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Smillie, K W. (1982) Smillie, K W. review of Sammet 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews September 1982 Abstract
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Steel, T. (1982) Steel, T. B. review of Wexelblat 1982 Abstract
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Van Deusen, M. (1982) Van Deusen, M. review of Wexelblat 1982 Abstract
          in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
  • Knuth, Donald E. (1984) Knuth, Donald E. "FORTRAN implementations" (letter)
          in (1982) Annals of the History of Computing 4(1) January 1982 IEEE
  • Rosenblatt, Bruce (1984) Rosenblatt, Bruce "The Successors to FORTRAN-Why Does FORTRAN Survive?"
          in (1982) Annals of the History of Computing 4(1) January 1982 IEEE
  • (2002) Library of Congress Subject Headings F25
          in (1982) Annals of the History of Computing 4(1) January 1982 IEEE
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